局部过热下锂电池热失控特性及其热管理研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池应用广泛但其对温度较为敏感，在实际工作中存在一定热失控风险，尤其对于高倍率充放电条件下的大容量电池来说，其热失控风险将进一步增加。本文通过建立热失控模型，研究了端子过热时锂电池内部热量传播及其导致的热失控特性。发现连接片松动引起的端子过热，会导致电池极耳下方出现较严重的热累积问题。随着加热功率的提升，电池的热失控触发时间大幅提前，且热失控峰值温度也有所提高。同时，将其与底面和正面过热情况进行了对比，发现端子过热导致的热失控升温用时分别减少了17.2%和10.9%，电池将在更短的时间内达到较高的峰值温度。此外，端子过热下电池内部的热量传播特征与电池高倍率充放电导致的极耳下方区域过热相似，由此设计了具有倾斜管道的液冷板并探讨其对于此类过热情况的散热效果。发现该液冷板能够有效抑制锂电池热失控的发生，并提升了电池整体的温度均匀性。相比于传统直流式液冷板，倾斜式液冷板冷却下的电池温度标准差可进一步降低18.9%。该工作为锂电池风险评估及液冷板结构设计提供了参考。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 热管理

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used while sensitive to temperature. There is a risk of thermal runaway (TR) during practical work. Especially for large-capacity batteries under high-rate charge/discharge conditions, the risk of TR can be increased. A TR model is established to study the battery TR process caused by pole overheating. The heat propagation and TR characteristics of the LIBs were analyzed. The results show that the pole overheating caused by loose connecting plates can lead to serious heat accumulation problems under the battery tab. With the increased heating power, the TR trigger time is greatly advanced, and the peak temperature is increased. Compared to the bottom and front heating conditions, the temperature rise during the TR caused by pole heating is reduced by 17.2% and 10.9%, respectively, and the battery will reach a higher peak temperature in less time. In addition, it was found that the heat propagation characteristics of the battery under pole heating are similar to the overheating of the tab region caused by the high-rate charge/discharge of the LIBs. According to it, a liquid cooling plate with oblique channels was designed, and the heat dissipation effect of this cooling plate was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the oblique channel cooling plate can effectively suppress the TR of the LIBs and improve the temperature uniformity of the battery. Compared with straight channel cooling plate, the standard deviation of the battery temperature under oblique channel cooling plate can be further reduced by 18.9%. This work provides a reference for the LIBs risk assessment and the structural design of liquid cooling plates.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, thermal management

中图分类号:

TM 912

谈秀雯, 李凌. 局部过热下锂电池热失控特性及其热管理研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(9): 3521-3529.

Xiuwen TAN, Ling LI. Study on the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and their thermal management under local overheating conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(9): 3521-3529.

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组件	密度/(kg/m³)	比热容/(J/kg·K)	导热系数/(W/m·K)
电芯	3846	1100	(1, 18, 18)
正极极耳	2700	900	238
负极极耳	8960	385	400
液冷板	2700	900	238
冷却剂	998.2	4182	0.6

参数	描述	值
A_sei	频率因子/(1/s)	1.667×10¹⁵
A_ne		2.5×10¹³
A_pe		2×10⁸
A_e		5.14×10²⁵

E_a,sei	反应活化能/(J/mol)	1.3508×10⁵
E_a,ne		1.3508×10⁵
E_a,pe		1.03×10⁵
E_a,e		2.74×10⁵

H_sei	反应热/(J/kg)	2.57×10⁵
H_ne		1.714×10⁶
H_pe		1.947×10⁵
H_e		6.2×10⁵

C_sei,0	无量纲化参数初始值(1)	0.15
C_ne,0		0.75
α₀		0.04
C_e,0		1

n_sei	反应级数(1)	1
n_ne		1
n_pe,1		1
n_pe,2		1
n_e		1

t_sei,0	SEI膜初始厚度(1)	0.033

W_sei	材料含量/(kg/m³)	406.9
W_ne		406.9
W_pe		610.4
W_e		1438

加热面积/cm²	文献实验/s	本文模拟/s	文献模拟误差	本文模拟误差
54	1378.3	1419.5	5.3%	3.0%
81	1339.2	1404.4	7.4%	4.9%
108	1662.0	1396.0	19.3%	16.0%

特征值	100 W	156 W	225 W
自产热温度T₁/℃	113.9	99.8	104.1
热失控温度T₂/℃	239.3	229.0	218.3
峰值温度T₃/℃	696.9	721.5	724.8
自产热时间t₁/s	1964.0	993.5	742.0
热失控时间t₂/s	5120.5	2111.0	1299.0
温度达峰时t₃/s	5143.0	2134.1	1321.6

过热位置	端子	底面	正面
自产热温度T₁/℃	163.5	146.9	151.8
触发温度T₂/℃	249.0	234.6	238.8
峰值温度T₃/℃	705.5	695.1	698.3
触发时间t_TR/s	1299	1232.7	1264
升温时间Δt₂₃/s	31.8	38.4	35.7