锂离子电池储能安全评价研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0252

储能科学与技术 ›› 2023, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (7): 2282-2301.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0252

• 储能锂离子电池系统关键技术专刊 • 上一篇下一篇

锂离子电池储能安全评价研究进展

李晋¹^,⁷^,¹⁰(), 王青松²(), 孔得朋³(), 王晓冬⁴(), 俞振华⁵, 乐艳飞⁶, 黄鑫炎⁸, 胡振恺⁹, 吴候福¹¹, 方华斌¹², 曹伟¹³, 张少禹¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 卓萍¹^,⁷^,¹⁰(), 陈晔¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 李紫婷¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 梅文昕², 张越³, 赵丽香⁴, 唐亮⁵, 黄宗侯², 陈篪⁶, 刘彦辉⁸, 储玉喜¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 许晓元¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 张晋¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, 李贻恺⁹, 冯蓉¹¹, 杨标¹², 户波¹³, 杨晓滢¹^,⁷^,¹⁰

^1.应急管理部天津消防研究所，天津 300381
^2.中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室，安徽合肥 230026
^3.中国石油大学（华东），山东青岛 266555
^4.中国电子技术标准化研究院，北京 100171
^5.中关村储能产业技术联盟，北京 102629
^6.苏州UL美华认证有限公司，江苏苏州 215000
^7.工业与公共建筑火灾防控技术应急管理部重点实验室，天津 300381
^8.香港理工大学消防安全工程研究中心，香港九龙 999077
^9.南方电网调峰调频发电有限公司储能科研院，广东广州 510630
^10.天津市消防安全技术重点实验室，天津 300381
^11.广州鹏辉能源科技股份有限公司，广州广东 511400
^12.北京卫蓝新能源科技有限公司，北京 102600
^13.阳光储能技术有限公司，安徽合肥 230601

收稿日期:2023-04-25 修回日期:2023-06-05 出版日期:2023-07-05 发布日期:2023-07-25
通讯作者: 李晋 E-mail:lijin@tfri.com.cn;pinew@ustc.edu.cn;kongdepeng@upc.edu.cn;wangxd@cesi.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn
作者简介:李晋（1966—），男，硕士，研究员，主要从事危险化学品火灾、建筑防火、消防标准化和消防安全评估工作，E-mail：lijin@tfri.com.cn
王青松，研究员，主要从事锂离子电池火灾安全领域相关研究，E-mail：pinew@ustc.edu.cn
孔得朋，教授，主要从事油气及新能源安全相关研究，E-mail：kongdepeng@upc.edu.cn
王晓冬，高级工程师，主要从事锂电池及电子产品标准化研究，E-mail：wangxd@cesi.cn
卓萍，副研究员，主要从事电池安全及标准化研究，E-mail：zhuoping@tfri.com.cn
第一联系人：共同第一作者
唐亮，工程师，主要研究方向为储能安全与标准，E-mail：liang.tang@cnesa.org。
基金资助:
国际锂离子电池储能安全评价关键技术合作研发(2022YFE0207400)

Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage

Jin LI¹^,⁷^,¹⁰(), Qingsong WANG²(), Depeng KONG³(), Xiaodong WANG⁴(), Zhenhua YU⁵, Yanfei LE⁶, Xinyan HUANG⁸, Zhenkai HU⁹, Houfu WU¹¹, Huabin FANG¹², Caowei¹³, Shaoyu ZHANG¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Ping ZHUO¹^,⁷^,¹⁰(), Ye CHEN¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Ziting LI¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Wenxin MEI², Yue ZHANG³, Lixiang ZHAO⁴, Liang TANG⁵, Zonghou HUANG², Chi CHEN⁶, Yanhu LIU⁸, Yuxi CHU¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Xiaoyuan XU¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Jin ZHANG¹^,⁷^,¹⁰, Yikai LI⁹, Rong FENG¹¹, Biao YANG¹², Bo HU¹³, Xiaoying YANG¹^,⁷^,¹⁰

^1.Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Emergency Management Department, Tianjin 300381, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
^3.China University of Petroleum(East China), Qingdao 266555, Shandong, China
^4.China Electronics Standardizations Institute, Beijing 100171, China
^5.China Energy Storage Alliance, Beijing 102629, China
^6.UL -CCIC Company Limited, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
^7.Key Laboratory of Fire Protection Technology for Industry and Public Building, Ministry of Emergency Management, Tianjin 300381, China
^8.Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
^9.Power Storage Research Institute, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
^10.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Fire Safety Technology, Tianjin 300381, China
^11.Guangzhou Great Power Energy & Technology Company Limited, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong, China
^12.Beijing Weilan New Energy Technology Company Limited, Beijing 102600, China
^13.Sungrow Energy Storage Technology Company Limited, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China

Received:2023-04-25 Revised:2023-06-05 Online:2023-07-05 Published:2023-07-25
Contact: Jin LI E-mail:lijin@tfri.com.cn;pinew@ustc.edu.cn;kongdepeng@upc.edu.cn;wangxd@cesi.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文针对目前锂离子电池储能安全评价研究进展进行了综述，梳理了锂离子电池储能安全评价相关标准现状，从电池本征安全、储能故障及事故统计、热失控机理及火蔓延机制等方面总结了锂离子电池储能安全评价相关理论的研究进展，分析了从锂离子电池单体到储能系统的安全评价数值模拟技术，系统介绍了电池单体到储能系统的安全测试评价技术以及锂离子电池储能电站安全评价技术的现状。研究结果表明，随着电池技术的不断迭代，储能系统结构的不断升级，储能的安全评价将愈发复杂，现有的评价技术和标准有待进一步提升和完善。未来，需要根据储能电池本质安全、电气与消防安全等技术的发展及时调整与更新安全评价指标，结合仿真、实验手段的进步，明确安全指标阈值，并充分考虑储能系统投运后容量衰减、老化过程伴随的安全性能演变，构建覆盖多体系、多场景、多要素，融合动静态指标的安全性能等级评价体系，发展涵盖“单体-模组-簇-系统-电站”层层分级的储能系统安全性能等级评价技术。同时，制定国际适用的储能系统安全性能等级评价标准，为全球储能安全提供中国方案。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 储能, 安全评价技术, 储能安全标准

Abstract:

In this study, research progress on safety assessment technologies of lithium-ion battery energy storage is reviewed. The status of standards related to the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage is elucidated, and research progress on safety assessment theories of lithium-ion battery energy storage is summarized in terms of battery intrinsic safety, energy storage failure and accident statistics, thermal runaway mechanism, and fire spread mechanism. Numerical simulations and safety assessment technologies from lithium-ion battery cells to energy storage systems are analyzed, and the current situation of the safety assessment technology of energy storage power stations is introduced. The results indicate that, with the continuous iteration of battery technology and the continuous upgrading of energy storage system structures, the safety assessment of energy storage becomes more and more complex; thus, existing assessment techniques and standards must be further improved. In the future, safety assessment indexes must be adjusted and updated according to the development of energy storage battery intrinsic safety and electrical and fire safety technologies. By combining the progress of simulation and experimental means, safety index thresholds are clarified, as well as the evolution of safety performance accompanying capacity decay and aging after the energy storage system is put into operation. This study aims to build a safety performance level assessment system covering multiple systems, scenarios, and elements; integrate dynamic and static indicators; and develop a safety performance rating assessment technology for energy storage systems that covers "cell-module-unit-system-power plant" layers. Finally, we aim to develop an internationally applicable safety performance assessment standard for energy storage systems and provide Chinese solutions for global energy storage safety.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, energy storage, safety assessment technology, energy storage safety standards

中图分类号:

O 646.21

李晋, 王青松, 孔得朋, 王晓冬, 俞振华, 乐艳飞, 黄鑫炎, 胡振恺, 吴候福, 方华斌, 曹伟, 张少禹, 卓萍, 陈晔, 李紫婷, 梅文昕, 张越, 赵丽香, 唐亮, 黄宗侯, 陈篪, 刘彦辉, 储玉喜, 许晓元, 张晋, 李贻恺, 冯蓉, 杨标, 户波, 杨晓滢. 锂离子电池储能安全评价研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2282-2301.

Jin LI, Qingsong WANG, Depeng KONG, Xiaodong WANG, Zhenhua YU, Yanfei LE, Xinyan HUANG, Zhenkai HU, Houfu WU, Huabin FANG, Caowei, Shaoyu ZHANG, Ping ZHUO, Ye CHEN, Ziting LI, Wenxin MEI, Yue ZHANG, Lixiang ZHAO, Liang TANG, Zonghou HUANG, Chi CHEN, Yanhu LIU, Yuxi CHU, Xiaoyuan XU, Jin ZHANG, Yikai LI, Rong FENG, Biao YANG, Bo HU, Xiaoying YANG. Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(7): 2282-2301.

图/表 10

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储能系统安全评价标准"

序号	标准名称	对象	适用范围
1	IEC 62933-5-2 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems Electrochemical-based systems	电化学储能系统	在IEC TS 62933-5-1的基础上进一步明确电化学储能系统(如电池系统)的安全要求，减少由于电化学储能系统子系统之间相互作用而产生危害或损害的风险
2	IEC 62933-5-4 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems Part 5-4: Safety test methods and procedures for grid integrated EES systems-Lithium ion battery-based systems	锂离子电池储能系统	规定了并网锂离子电池储能系统的安全测试方法和测试程序
3	NFPA 855 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems	固定式储能系统	规定了电池储能系统部署要求，列出了各种储能项目设计和安装注意事项，包括不同场所中的间距、消防装置、通风以及相关的防火等要求
4	UL 9540 Energy Storage Systems and Equipment	电化学、化学、机械和热能储能系统	涵盖了电化学储能系统、机械储能系统和储热系统的建设要求，并要求电池满足UL 1973标准，逆变器等满足UL 1741标准
5	UL 9540A Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems	电池储能系统	评估电池热失控特性的测试方法，通过测试热失控下产生的各种气体的浓度以及燃烧速率、爆炸压力等来评估火灾、爆炸的危害
6	AS/NZS 5139:2019 Electrical installations-Safety of battery systems for use with power conversion equipment	电池储能系统	规定了与电源转换设备连接的电池系统的安全以及安装要求
7	GB/T 36558—2018 电力系统电化学储能系统通用技术条件	电力系统电化学储能系统	规定了储能系统的能量转换效率、充放电时间等性能要求以及保护、监控、通信、计量等要求
8	GB/T 40090—2021 储能电站运行维护规程	电化学储能电站	规定了储能电站的正常运行、异常运行及故障处理、维护等过程的技术要求
9	GB/T 42288—2022 电化学储能电站安全规程	电化学储能电站	规定了电化学储能屯站设备设施、运行维护、检修试验、应急处置的安全要求

表3

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序号	项目名称	电池类型	电站状态	事故时间
1	京港澳高速武汉江夏区附近货车运输中的储能系统	磷酸铁锂	运输中	2022-01
2	韩国蔚山SK工厂储能项目	三元	投运2年	2022-01
3	韩国庆尚北道军威郡新谷里太阳能发电厂储能项目	三元	投运3年	2022-01
4	中国江西上饶黄金埠某储能项目	磷酸铁锂	调试	2022-02
5	美国加州蒙特雷县Moss Landing储能项目	三元	投运1年	2022-02
6	中国台湾工研院龙井储能项目	三元	投运2年	2022-03
7	美国亚利桑那Chandler电池储能项目	三元	投运3年	2022-04
8	美国加州Valley Center储能项目	三元	投运0.2年	2022-04
9	法国科西嘉岛某光伏电站储能集装箱		投运4年	2022-06
10	美国加州Rio Dell房车公园一铅蓄电池系统事故	铅酸电池		2022-08
11	韩国仁川Hyundai Steel Plant储能项目		投运0.5年	2022-09
12	美国加州特斯拉储能项目	三元		2022-09
13	韩国板桥数据中心	三元		2022-10
14	中国海南莺歌海盐场光储项目	磷酸铁锂		2022-10
15	中国江苏启东市海洪路启东沃厂房内储能电箱			2022-10
16	韩国全罗南道潭阳郡光伏电站储能项目	三元		2022-12
17	韩国全罗南道灵岩郡光伏电站储能项目	三元		2022-12

序号	标准名称	对象	适用范围
1	IEC 62619 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes-Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications	工业用锂离子电池	规定了工业应用(包括固定应用)中使用的锂蓄电池和电池系统的安全运行要求和测试要求
2	IEC 63056 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes-Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems	储能系统用锂离子电池	规定了最大直流电压为1500 V(标称值)的电力储能系统中使用的锂蓄电池和电池产品安全和测试要求。在IEC 62619基本安全要求基础上，提出对电力储能系统用锂蓄电池和电池系统的附加或特定要求
3	UN 38.3 Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods	含锂电池货物	规定了锂电池运输状态条件的一系列测试要求，包括高度模拟、热测试、振动、冲击、55 ℃外短路、撞击试验、过充电试验、强制放电试验等
4	IEC 62281 Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport	锂离子电池	该标准规定了一次和二次(可充电)锂电池和电池组的试验方法和要求，以确保其在运输过程中的安全性
5	UL 1973 Batteries for Use in Stationary，Vehicle Auxiliary Power and Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications	储能电池	规定了对电池的产品结构要求、电气试验、机械试验、环境试验、铭牌标识、用户手册、出厂测试要求等，并在附录中给出了零部件应符合的标准以及高温钠电池、液流电池测试要求
6	GB/T 36276—2018 电力储能用锂离子电池	电力储能用锂离子电池	规定了电力储能用锂离子电池的规格、技术要求、试验方法和检验规则等内容

标准/论文/技术报告	安全评价方法	方法依据/备注
IEC系列规范：IEC 62933-5-1-2017, IEC 62933-5-2-2020, IEC 62619-2022	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
	失效模式效应与关键性分析法 (FMECA)	—
	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
	危害与可操作性分析(HAZOP)	IEC 61882
	系统理论事故模型和过程(STAMP)	—
UL系列规范：UL 1973-2022, UL 9540-2020	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
	保护层分析(LOPA)	IEC 61508
NFPA855-2023	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
NFPA855-2023	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
DNV (2015)^[91]	失效模式效应与关键性分析法 (FMECA)	评估手册
美国Sandia国家实验室(2020)^[92]	系统理论过程分析(STPA)	技术报告
Rosewater & Williams(2015)^[93]	系统理论过程分析(STPA)	论文
Choo & Go(2022)^[94]	混合系统理论过程分析(STPA-H)	论文
Conzen等(2023)^[95]	蝴蝶结分析法(Bowtie Analysis)	论文

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[8]	吴宜琨, 何杰, 杨乐, 宋维力, 陈浩森. 锂离子电池多物理场多尺度变形理论模型与计算方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2141-2154.
[9]	管鸿盛, 钱诚, 徐炳辉, 孙博, 任羿. 融合自注意力机制与门控循环单元网络的宽工况锂离子电池SOC估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2229-2237.
[10]	范茂松, 耿萌萌, 赵光金, 杨凯, 王放放, 刘皓. 基于多频点阻抗的梯次利用电池分选技术研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2202-2210.
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[13]	陈育新, 杨家沐, 练成, 刘洪来. 基于相场模型的锂电池电极浆料稳定涂布窗口分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2185-2193.
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锂离子电池储能安全评价研究进展

Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage

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