全钒液流电池用关键材料技术指标特性需求分析和产业发展状况

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0454

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

离子交换膜、电极、双极板和钒电解液是全钒液流电池的关键材料，对于全钒液流电池的性能和成本具有至关重要的影响。关键材料技术指标是衡量关键材料能否在全钒液流电池中应用的标准，是关键材料供应商出厂检验和全钒液流电池厂商入场质检的重要依据。本文从产业发展和应用角度出发，首先详细介绍了全钒液流电池关键材料的特性需求及相关技术指标内容，以便增强电池上游关键材料供应商对技术指标的理解，指导关键材料开发和优化方向。其次，简要阐述了现阶段关键材料主要类型、生产工艺及其产业发展状况，有助于增强全钒液流电池行业从业人员对上游关键材料供应链情况的了解和把控。另外，从全钒液流电池行业发展角度出发，讨论了关键材料现阶段研究重点以及未来产业化发展要求和方向。本文提出，在保证全钒液流电池性能的前提下，成本指标和寿命指标是关键材料未来产业化关注的核心指标，是降低全钒液流电池系统成本，延长全钒液流电池服役年限，提升全钒液流电池市场竞争力的重要保障。

关键词: 全钒液流电池, 关键材料, 离子交换膜, 电极, 双极板, 钒电解液

Abstract:

Ion exchange membranes, electrodes, bipolar plates, and vanadium electrolytes are the key materials for vanadium flow batteries, and they have a crucial impact on the performance and cost. The technical specifications of these materials serve as the standards for determining their suitability for use in vanadium flow batteries. They are also an important basis for factory inspections of key material suppliers and for incoming quality inspections by battery manufacturers. From the perspective of industrial development and application, this paper first provides a detailed introduction to the performance requirements and related technical specifications of key materials for vanadium flow battery. The goal is to enhance the understanding of technical indicators by key material suppliers in the upstream of batteries and guide the development and optimization direction of key materials. Next, the paper briefly outlines the main types, production processes, and current industrial development status of key materials, offering insights that can help practioners in the vanadium flow battery industry strengthen their understanding and control of the upstream key material supply chain. Additionally, from the perspective of the development of the vanadium flow battery industry, this paper discusses the current research focus and future industrialization development requirements and directions of key materials. Moreover, this paper proposes that, under the premise of ensuring the performance of vanadium flow battery, future efforts should focus on cost and durability as the core indicators for key materials. These factors are essential for reducing the system costs of vanadium flow battery, extending the service life, and enhancing the market competitiveness of vanadium flow batteries.

Key words: vanadium flow battery, key material, ion exchange membrane, electrode, bipolar plate, vanadium electrolyte

中图分类号:

TK 02

李全龙, 陶媛媛, 王梦迪, 穆生胧, 张蓉蓉, 倪胜蓝, 刘宗浩. 全钒液流电池用关键材料技术指标特性需求分析和产业发展状况[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(11): 4170-4183.

Quanlong LI, Yuanyuan TAO, Mengdi WANG, Shenglong MU, Rongrong ZHANG, Shenglan NI, Zonghao LIU. Technical indicator requirement analysis and industrial development status of key materials for vanadium flow battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(11): 4170-4183.

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项目	测试性能		单位	指标要求
1	厚度偏差		%	±5%

2	电导率(25 ℃)^①		mS/cm	≥35

3	拉伸强度(横向/纵向)		MPa	≥25

4	吸水率	25 ℃ 24 h	%	≤50

5	尺寸变化率(25 ℃，4 h)	横向/纵向	%	≤10
5	尺寸变化率(25 ℃，4 h)	厚度方向	%	≤10

6	钒离子扩散系数	等压静态法	cm²/s	≤1.5×10^-7

7	抗氧化性测试	VO²⁺氧化测试法	Mg/L	≤0.01
7	抗氧化性测试	Fenton试剂氧化法(质量变化)	%	≤3

序号	测试性能		单位	指标要求
1	厚度均匀性	平均厚度d≤0.4 mm	—	≤6%d
		平均厚度0.4＜d≤1.0 mm		≤5%d
		平均厚度d＞1.0 mm		≤4%d

2	尺寸偏差(长度和宽度方向)		mm	≤±1

3	电性能	体积电阻率^①	Ω·cm	≤0.15
		表面电阻(垂直于板面方向)	Ω·cm²	≤0.10
		与碳毡接触电阻(0.5~0.6 MPa)	Ω·cm²	≤0.10

4	力学性能	抗弯强度	MPa	≥20
		抗拉强度	MPa	≥10
		抗压强度	MPa	≥20

5	耐久性	腐蚀电流密度	μA/cm²	≤16
		钒离子扩散系数	m²/s	≤5×10^-15
		气体透过率	cm³/(cm²·s)	≤2×10^-6
		耐腐蚀性(质量变化)	%	≤±0.5
		尺寸变化率	%	≤±0.5

产品品类	成分		允许偏差
3价电解液	V	≥1.50 mol/L	±0.05 mol/L
	SO₄^2-	≥2.30 mol/L	±0.10 mol/L
	V³⁺∶V	≥0.95

3.5价电解液	V	≥1.50 mol/L	±0.05 mol/L
	SO₄^2-	≥2.30 mol/L	±0.10 mol/L
	V³⁺∶VO²⁺	1.0	±0.10

4价电解液	V	≥1.50 mol/L	±0.05 mol/L
	SO₄^2-	≥2.30 mol/L	±0.10 mol/L
	VO²⁺∶V	≥0.95