Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of the Ga2O3@NF"

Fig. 2

(a) Low resolution SEM images of NF, (b), (c) high-resolution SEM images of NF, (d) low resolution SEM images of Ga2O3@NF, (e), (f) high-resolution SEM images of Ga2O3@NF, (g) EDS mapping images of Ga2O3@NF"

Fig. 3

(a) XRD patterns of GaOOH precursor, (b) XRD pattern of Ga2O3@NF, (c) XPS spectra of Ga2O3@NF's Ga 2p, (d) XPS spectra of Ga2O3@NF's O 1s, (e), (f) EPR spectra of Ga2O3@NF"

Fig. 4

(a) CE test of Ga2O3@NF and NF with an area capacity of 1 mAh/cm2 at 1 mA/cm2, (b), (c) EIS profiles before half cells cycle and 15 cycles, (d) Li+ diffusion coefficient calculated by fitting after 15 cycles of half cells, (e) voltage curves of the first Li plating on Ga2O3@NF and NF electrodes with an area capacity of 4 mAh/cm2 at 0.5 mA/cm2, (f), (g) voltage curves of Li plating/stripping on the Ga2O3@NF and NF"

Fig. 5

(a), (b) Photos of molten Li impregnation on Ga2O3@NF and NF, (c) SEM images of depositing different capacities of Li in Ga2O3@NF and cycling 20 cycles in current density of 4mA/cm2"

Fig. 6

(a), (b) Cross-sectional SEM images of Li plating on Ga2O3@NF electrode with the deposition capacity of 5 mAh /cm2 at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, (c), (d) cross-sectional SEM images of Ga2O3@NF@Li electrode before and after 20 cycles with an area capacity of 1 mAh/cm2 at 1 mA/cm2, (e), (f)cross-sectional SEM images of Li plating on NF electrode with the deposition capacity of 5 mAh/cm2at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, (g), (h) cross-sectional SEM images of bare Li electrode before and after 20 cycles with an area capacity of 1 mAh/cm2 at 1 mA/cm2"

Fig. 7

(a), (b) Cycling performance of symmetric cells based on Ga2O3@NF@Li and bare Li with an area capacity of 1 mAh/cm2 at 1 mA/cm2 and 2 mA/cm2, (c) rate performance of symmetric cells assembled with Ga2O3@NF@Li and bare Li at different current densities"

Fig. 8

(a)—(c) EIS for symmetric cells assembled with Ga2O3@NF@Li and bare Li cycling with a different number of cycles, (d)—(f) Li+ diffusion coefficient calculated by fitting with a different number of cycles of symmetric cells, (g) the Tafel curves of Ga2O3@NF@Li, NF@Li and bare Li, (h) EIS' fitting results and its corresponding fitting equivalent circuit for Ga2O3@NF@Li and bare Li electrodes"

Fig. 9

(a) Electrochemical performance of LFP/Ga2O3@NF and LFP/bare Li full cells cycled at 1C, (b) rate performance of LFP/Ga2O3@NF and LFP/bare Li full cells at different current densities, (c), (d) charge-discharge curves of LFP/Ga2O3@NF and LFP/bare Li full cells at different cycles"