Heat-generation characteristics and thermal-management optimization of sodium-ion-battery energy storage systems

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0331

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of renewable energy, energy storage systems (ESSs) play increasingly vital roles in balancing energy supply and demand, as well as enhancing energy-utilization efficiency. Sodium-ion battery (SIB) ESSs, due to their unique advantages, are rated among the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the heat generated by SIBs during charging and discharging can significantly impact their performance, lifespan, and safety. Therefore, more efficient thermal-management strategies must be developed to improve SIB ESS safety. In this study, experiments and numerical simulations are combined to explore the asymmetric heat-generation characteristics of SIBs during charging and discharging, as well as propose a multistage variable flow-rate thermal-management-optimization strategy during discharging. The experimental results reveal that the heat-generation during the discharging process of SIBs is three times that of their charging process, with a peak heat-generation power of 70 W under 1P discharge conditions. Conversely, under the 1P charging conditions, the peak heat-generation power is only 25 W and lasts for a very short period. Further, an asymmetric liquid-cooling thermal-management system is introduced for SIB charging and discharging processes, and a multistage variable flow-rate optimization strategy is proposed based on the characteristic of stage-wise changes in the heat-generation power during discharging. This strategy effectively reduces the power consumption of the thermal-management system while maintaining the same battery temperature. The insights obtained from this study can be used to optimize the power consumption of SIB thermal-management systems as well as enhance the safety of SIB ESS.

Key words: sodium-ion batteries, energy storage system, heat-generation characteristics, thermal management

CLC Number:

TM 912

Yuxiang PENG, Like GAO, Yongqi LI, Bin TANG, Chuansheng LUO. Heat-generation characteristics and thermal-management optimization of sodium-ion-battery energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(10): 3764-3773.

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物性	液体工质	液冷板	隔热材料	电池
密度ρ/(kg/m³)	998.2	2719	2719	2719
热导率k/[W/(m·K)]	0.6	202.4	0.02	λ_x =λ_y =20，λ_z =3
比热容c_p /[J/(kg·K)]	4182	871	871	871
黏度μ/(Pa·s)	0.001003	—	—	—

网格类型	网格数量	最高温度/K	压降/Pa	计算耗时/min
粗化网格	200000	314.5	33940.5	30
基础网格	281755	312.3	33727.8	42
全局加密	569187	312.1	33700.2	58
局部加密	350000	311.8	33710.9	50

时间段/s	质量流量/(kg/s)
0~2025	0.2
2025~2850	0.3
2850~4000	0.1