Research progress of NASICON-type phosphate cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0496

Abstract

Abstract:

As the most promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries, NASICON-type polyanionic cathode materials have attracted significant industrial attention due to their excellent cycle and rate performances. These materials offer relatively high voltage, simple preparation, superior reaction kinetics, and thermodynamic stability. Although some polyanionic phosphate materials are already in large-scale production, the commercialization of certain phosphates remains limited by technical bottlenecks. This paper categorizes these cathodes based on their transition metal elements and discusses their key challenges, including high cost, unstable frameworks, and environmental concerns. This paper highlights research progress in areas such as material structure-activity relationships, raw material costs, element doping, and interface regulation. Notable advances include activating more electron reaction pairs, optimizing reaction kinetics, and developing cost-effective materials. Among the transition metals, such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe, Mn-based phosphates stand out for their high voltage and low cost. However, the Jahn-Teller effect during cycling causes lattice distortion and capacity fading in Mn-based materials. Moreover, this work summarizes the optimization strategies for Mn-based phosphates aimed at accelerating the commercialization of NASICON-type polyanionic cathodes.

Key words: sodium-ion battery, cathode material, NASICON structure, phosphate

CLC Number:

TM 912

Yuxuan JIN, Quan ZHOU, Lin ZHOU, Teng GAO, Zijie LI, Yan WANG, Junlong LU. Research progress of NASICON-type phosphate cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(11): 4184-4198.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

References 77

[1]	PAN H L, HU Y S, CHEN L Q. Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(8): 2338-2360. DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40847G.
[2]	QIAN J F, WU C, CAO Y L, et al. Prussian blue cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and other ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(17): 1702619. DOI: 10.1002/aenm. 201702619.
[3]	XU L G, FENG X Y, JIA W B, et al. Recent advances and challenges of inverted lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(8): 4292-4317. DOI: 10.1039/D1EE00890K.
[4]	YABUUCHI N, KOMABA S. Recent research progress on iron- and manganese-based positive electrode materials for rechargeable sodium batteries[J]. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2014, 15(4): DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/4/043501.
[5]	GOODENOUGH J B. NASICON I structure and conductivity[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1983, 9: 793-794. DOI: 10.1016/0167-2738(83)90088-7.
[6]	FEI W B, SUI Y L, WANG Y A, et al. Regulating Na/Mn antisite defects and reactivating anomalous jahn-teller behavior for Na₄Fe_1.5Mn_1.5(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇) cathode material with superior performance[J]. ACS Nano, 2025, 19(8): 8303-8315. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano. 4c18614.
[7]	HAMEED A S, OHARA M, KUBOTA K, et al. A phosphite-based layered framework as a novel positive electrode material for Na-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(8): 5045-5052. DOI: 10.1039/D0TA10517A.
[8]	LIANG L W, LI X Y, ZHAO F, et al. High-rate cathodes: Construction and operating mechanism of high-rate Mo-doped Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C nanowires toward practicable wide-temperature-tolerance Na-ion and hybrid Li/Na-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(21): 2170079. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202170079.
[9]	LI F, ZHU Y E, SHENG J, et al. GO-induced preparation of flake-shaped Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO as high-rate and long-life cathodes for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(48): 25276-25281. DOI: 10.1039/C7TA07943E.
[10]	PARK S, WANG Z L, CHOUDHARY K, et al. Obtaining V₂(PO₄)₃ by sodium extraction from single-phase NaxV₂(PO₄)₃ (1<x<3) positive electrode materials[J]. Nature Materials, 2024, 24(2): 234-242. DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-02023-7.
[11]	SINGH B, WANG Z L, PARK S, et al. A chemical map of NaSICON electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(1): 281-292. DOI: 10.1039/d0ta 10688g.
[12]	LI S H, ZHOU W, LIU F Y, et al. Mitigating long range Jahn-Teller ordering to stabilize Mn redox reaction in biphasic layered sodium oxide[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15(10): 2403955. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202403955.
[13]	BEN YAHIA M, VERGNET J, SAUBANÈRE M, et al. Unified picture of anionic redox in Li/Na-ion batteries[J]. Nature Materials, 2019, 18(5): 496-502. DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0318-3.
[14]	PARK S, WANG Z L, DENG Z Y, et al. Crystal structure of Na₂V₂(PO₄)₃, an intriguing phase spotted in the Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃-Na₁V₂(PO₄)₃ system[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2022, 34(1): 451-462. DOI: 10. 1021/acs.chemmater.1c04033.
[15]	JIAN Z L, HAN W Z, LU X, et al. Superior electrochemical performance and storage mechanism of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2013, 3(2): 156-160. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201200558.
[16]	SU Q, ZHOU Y F, ZHU J, et al. Nanoflake-assembled hierarchical Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C microspheres for ultrafast and highly durable sodium storage[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2023, 6(19): 10128-10136. DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01871.
[17]	ZHU Q, WANG M, NAN B, et al. Core/shell nanostructured Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C/TiO₂ composite nanofibers as a stable anode for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 362: 147-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.004.
[18]	DONG L, LIU R X, FENG J M, et al. Improved high-rate performance of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ with an atomic layer deposition-generated Al₂O₃ layer as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Materials Letters, 2017, 205: 75-78. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.06.067.
[19]	ZENG J, YANG Y, LAI S B, et al. A promising high-voltage cathode material based on mesoporous Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C for rechargeable magnesium batteries[J]. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2017, 23(66): 16898-16905. DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704303.
[20]	YAO X H, ZHU Z X, LI Q, et al. 3.0 V high energy density symmetric sodium-ion battery: Na₄V₂(PO₄)₃∥Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(12): 10022-10028. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16901.
[21]	XU M L, ZHANG F X, ZHANG Y H, et al. Controllable synthesis of a Na-enriched Na₄V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode for high-energy sodium-ion batteries: A redox-potential-matched chemical sodiation approach[J]. Chemical Science, 2023, 14(44): 12570-12581. DOI: 10.1039/D3SC 03498D.
[22]	YANG Y, XU G R, TANG A P, et al. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃-decorated Na₃V₂(PO4)₂F₃ as a high-rate and cycle-stable cathode material for sodium ion batteries[J]. RSC Advances, 2024, 14(17): 11862-11871. DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01653J.
[23]	HU P, WANG X F, WANG T S, et al. Boron substituted Na₃V₂(P_1- xBxO₄)₃ cathode materials with enhanced performance for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Science, 2016, 3(12): 1600112. DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600112.
[24]	WANG D, WU Y B, LV J M, et al. Carbon encapsulated maricite NaFePO₄ nanoparticles as cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2019, 583: 123957. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa. 2019.123957.
[25]	CAO Y J, LIU Y, ZHAO D Q, et al. Highly stable Na₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃@Hard carbon sodium-ion full cell for low-cost energy storage[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(3): 1380-1387. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05098.
[26]	KIM H, PARK I, LEE S, et al. Understanding the electrochemical mechanism of the new iron-based mixed-phosphate Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇) in a Na rechargeable battery[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2013, 25(18): 3614-3622. DOI: 10.1021/cm4013816.
[27]	SENTHILKUMAR B, RAMBABU A, MURUGESAN C, et al. Iron-based mixed phosphate Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇ thin films for sodium-ion microbatteries[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 5(13): 7219-7224. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03835.
[28]	HUANG J R, ZHANG Z H, CHEN D Q, et al. Spray-drying synthesis of Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇@CNT cathode for ultra-stable and high-rate sodium-ion batteries[J]. Molecules, 2025, 30(3): 753. DOI: 10.3390/molecules30030753.
[29]	LI Z, ZHANG Y, ZHANG J H, et al. Sodium-ion battery with a wide operation-temperature range from -70 to 100 ℃[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2022, 61(13): e202116930. DOI: 10. 1002/anie.202116930.
[30]	ZHAO A L, YUAN T C, LI P, et al. A novel Fe-defect induced pure-phase Na₄Fe_2.91(PO₄)₂P₂O₇ cathode material with high capacity and ultra-long lifetime for low-cost sodium-ion batteries[J]. Nano Energy, 2022, 91: 106680. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106680.
[31]	ZHANG J H, TANG L B, ZHANG Y, et al. Polyvinylpyrrolidone assisted synthesized ultra-small Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇) particles embedded in 1D carbon nanoribbons with enhanced room and low temperature sodium storage performance[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 498: 229907. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2021.229907.
[32]	SUBAŞı Y, ALTENSCHMIDT L, LINDGREN F, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a crystalline Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇) cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2024, 12(35): 23506-23517. DOI: 10.1039/D4TA 03554B.
[33]	MAMOOR M, LIAN R Q, WANG D S, et al. Identification of the structural, electronic properties, and ionic diffusion kinetics of Na₃Cr₂(PO₄)₃ by first-principles calculations[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2021, 379: 138157. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138157.
[34]	KAWAI K, ASAKURA D, NISHIMURA S I, et al. Stabilization of a 4.5 V Cr⁴⁺/Cr³⁺ redox reaction in NASICON-type Na₃Cr₂(PO₄)₃ by Ti substitution[J]. Chemical Communications, 2019, 55(91): 13717-13720. DOI: 10.1039/C9CC04860J.
[35]	ROH H K, KIM M S, CHUNG K Y, et al. A chemically bonded NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/rGO microsphere composite as a high-rate insertion anode for sodium-ion capacitors[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(33): 17506-17516. DOI: 10.1039/C7TA05252A.
[36]	WANG Y A, SUI Y L, XIAO Z, et al. Inner/interface engineered iron/manganese-based mixed phosphate cathode with high energy density and ultra-long cycle life for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(28): 2500290. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202500290.
[37]	LIU Y, RONG X H, BAI R, et al. Identifying the intrinsic anti-site defect in manganese-rich NASICON-type cathodes[J]. Nature Energy, 2023, 8(10): 1088-1096. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01301-z.
[38]	LALÈRE F, SEZNEC V, COURTY M, et al. Improving the energy density of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃-based positive electrodes through V/Al substitution[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(31): 16198-16205. DOI: 10.1039/C5TA03528G.
[39]	XU C L, ZHAO J M, WANG Y A, et al. Reversible activation of V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ redox couples in NASICON phosphate cathodes[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(25): 2200966. DOI: 10.1002/aenm. 202200966.
[40]	MAI B, XING B Y, YUE Y F, et al. Cr-doped Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C enables high-capacity with V²⁺/V⁵⁺ reaction and stable sodium storage[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2023, 165: 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.005.
[41]	BAG S, MURARKA H, ZHOU C T, et al. Understanding the Na-ion storage mechanism in Na₃₊ xV_2- xMx(PO₄)₃ (M = Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Mg²⁺; x = 0.1-0.5) cathodes[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 3(9): 8475-8486. DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01118.
[42]	INOISHI A, YOSHIOKA Y, ZHAO L W, et al. Improvement in the energy density of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ by Mg substitution[J]. ChemElectroChem, 2017, 4(11): 2755-2759. DOI: 10.1002/celc. 201700540.
[43]	AHSAN M T, QIU D P, ALI Z, et al. Unraveling the fast Na diffusion kinetics of NASICON at high voltage via high entropy for sodium-ion battery[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2024, 14(4): 2302733. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202302733.
[44]	LIN B H, WU X, HE X J, et al. High-entropy doping in NASICON cathodes: Activating the V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ redox couple and inducing a reversible single solid-solution phase reaction for advanced sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 690: 137299. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137299.
[45]	ZHANG H, GU Z Y, WANG X T, et al. Electronic confinement-restrained Mn·Na anti-site defects in sodium-rich phosphates toward multi-electron transfer and high energy efficiency[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(47): 2410797. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202410797.
[46]	WU X N, LI Z K, ZHANG J C, et al. Insight into highly reversible multielectron V³⁺/V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ reaction of high-entropy doped NASICON cathode for sodium ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025, 17(8): 12227-12236. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c21356.
[47]	XIE P X, ZHAO Q Y, DONG H J, et al. Reversible V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ redox in Na₄VFe(PO₄)₃ cathode for high-power sodium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 509: 161209. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.161209.
[48]	ZHU L, WANG M M, LIANG K, et al. Achieving high capacity and ultra-stable sodium storage of Na₂TiV(PO₄)₃ cathode by integrated lattice regulation and surface modification[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 103: 793-802. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024. 10.052.
[49]	RUBIO S, LIU R, LIU X S, et al. Exploring the high-voltage Mg²⁺/Na⁺ co-intercalation reaction of Na₃VCr(PO₄)₃ in Mg-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(30): 18081-18091. DOI: 10.1039/C9TA05608D.
[50]	PARK J S, KIM J, JO J H, et al. Role of the Mn substituent in Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ for high-rate sodium storage[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(34): 16627-16637. DOI: 10.1039/C8TA 06162A.
[51]	ZHOU Y F, GUO S, LI S, et al. Enabling high-performance Na₄MnV(PO₄)₃ cathode via synergetic strategy of carbon encapsulation and nanoengineering[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 521: 230974. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022. 230974.
[52]	PARK S, CHOTARD J N, CARLIER D, et al. Irreversible electrochemical reaction at high voltage induced by distortion of Mn and V structural environments in Na₄MnV(PO₄)₃[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2023, 35(8): 3181-3195. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater. 2c03787.
[53]	SOUNDHARRAJAN V, ALFAZA G, ARIFIADI A, et al. Na_3.5(MnVFeTi)_0.5(PO4)₃: A multi-transition-metal-ion-engineered NASICON-type cathodes for sodium ion batteries[J]. Batteries & Supercaps, 2025, 8(3): e202400526. DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400526.
[54]	CUI G J, DONG Q Y, WANG Z Z, et al. Achieving highly reversible and fast sodium storage of Na₄VMn(PO₄)₃/C-rGO composite with low-fraction rGO via spray-drying technique[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 89: 106462. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021. 106462.
[55]	GHOSH S, BARMAN N, MAZUMDER M, et al. High capacity and high-rate NASICON-Na_3.75V_1.25Mn_0.75(PO₄)₃ cathode for Na-ion batteries via modulating electronic and crystal structures[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(6): 1902918. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201902918.
[56]	AHSAN M T, ALI Z, QIU D P, et al. A strategy to mitigate jahn teller effect of Mn-rich NASICON framework for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Small, 2024, 20(43): 2402275. DOI: 10.1002/smll. 202402275.
[57]	LI W, LI J P, LI R R, et al. Study on sodium storage properties of manganese-doped sodium vanadium phosphate cathode materials[J]. Battery Energy, 2023, 2(2): 20220042. DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20220042.
[58]	GHOSH S, BARMAN N, SENGUTTUVAN P. High capacity and high rate nasicon NaxV(Mn/Mg/Al)(PO₄)₃ cathodes for Na-ion batteries[J]. ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2021, MA2021-01(4): 255. DOI: 10.1149/ma2021-014255mtgabs.
[59]	XU C L, ZHAO J M, WANG E H, et al. A novel NASICON-typed Na₄VMn_0.5Fe_0.5(PO₄)₃ cathode for high-performance Na-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(22): 2100729. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202100729.
[60]	YU S J, CHEN Y W, HUANG Y Y, et al. Na₄MnCr(PO₄)₃ with a dual conductive network for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2025, 9(7): 2300233. DOI: 10.1002/adsu. 202300233.
[61]	LIU J H, WANG S, KAWAZOE Y, et al. Mechanisms of ionic diffusion and stability of the Na₄MnCr(PO₄)₃ cathode[J]. ACS Materials Letters, 2022, 4(5): 860-867. DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett. 2c00194.
[62]	CHEN Y, PENG P, SUN K Y, et al. Stabilizing NASICON-type Na₄MnCr(PO₄)₃ by Ti-substitution toward a high-voltage cathode material for sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 671: 385-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024. 05.130.
[63]	LI J, ZHAO X D, HE P G, et al. Stabilized multi-electron reactions in a high-energy Na₄Mn_0.9CrMg_0.1(PO₄)₃ sodium-storage cathode enabled by the pinning effect[J]. Small, 2022, 18(31): 2202879. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202879.
[64]	ZHU T, HU P, CAI C C, et al. Dual carbon decorated Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃: A high-energy-density cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 70: 104548. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104548.
[65]	QI Q, LI X D, LIANG J Q, et al. Effect of Zr⁴⁺ doping on the electrochemical properties of Na₃MnTi(PO₄)₃/C cathode materials[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2023, 950: 117916. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117916.
[66]	GAO H C, SEYMOUR I D, XIN S, et al. Na₃MnZr(PO₄)₃: A high-voltage cathode for sodium batteries[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(51): 18192-18199. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11388.
[67]	MA X D, WU X H, LIU Y, et al. Toward a high-energy-density cathode with enhanced temperature adaptability for sodium-ion batteries: A case study of Na₃MnZr(PO₄)₃ microspheres with embedded dual-carbon networks[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(18): 21390-21400. DOI: 10.1021/acsami. 1c03642.
[68]	PAREJIYA A, ESSEHLI R, AMIN R, et al. Na₁₊ xMnx_/2Zr_2- x_/2(PO₄)₃ as a Li⁺ and Na⁺ super ion conductor for solid-state batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2021, 6(2): 429-436. DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett. 0c02513.
[69]	ZHENG Y R, LIU J F, HUANG D, et al. Prepare and optimize NASICON-type Na₄MnAl(PO₄)₃ as low cost cathode for sodium ion batteries[J]. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022, 32: 102151. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102151.
[70]	ZHU Q, HU X L, TONG R, et al. Refining the electrochemical performance of Na₄MnAl(PO₄)₃ cathode material by magnesium doping for sodium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 92: 112258. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112258.
[71]	LIU Y, SUN C, LI Y, et al. Recent progress of Mn-based NASICON-type sodium ion cathodes[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 57: 69-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.02.005.
[72]	DENG S P, SONG C R, LI S Y, et al. Rambutan-like Na₄MnCr(PO₄)₃@C/CNTs as a high-energy-density cathode for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Solid State Ionics, 2024, 410: 116545. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2024.116545.
[73]	LESLIE K, ABRAHAM J J, MACLENNAN H, et al. Reducing the rate of Mn dissolution in LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/graphite cells with mixed salt and low salt molarity electrolytes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2025, 172(4): 040515. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/adc951.
[74]	BENEDEK R. Role of disproportionation in the dissolution of Mn from lithium manganate spinel[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121(40): 22049-22053. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05940.
[75]	FAN D S, WANG Y, ZHAO X D, et al. A novel NASICON-Na_3.4MnV_0.2Cr_0.2Ti_0.6(PO₄)₃ cathode with ultrahigh energy density and remarkable cycling stability toward practical Na-ion batteries[J]. Materials Today, 2025, 86: 63-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod. 2025.03.010.
[76]	LU T M, SUN B X, DAI B H, et al. Efficient synthesis of NFPP sodium-ion battery cathode materials via a bimetallic iron source synergistic framework strategy[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 107: 114976. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114976.
[77]	NGUYEN J, LEE Y, YANG Y. Suppression of high spin state of Mn for the improvement of Mn-based materials in rechargeable batteries[J]. Small, 2024, DOI: 10.1002/smll. 202410453.