Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of refrigerant direct cooling system"

Fig. 2

Battery pack geometry model"

Table 1

Physical characteristics of batteries and cold plates"

Fig. 3

Bottom cold plate flow paths structure (a) single serpentine flow path; (b) parallel serpentine flow paths in the form of “one divides in the two”; (c) parallel serpentine flow paths in the form of “one divides in the four”"

Table 2

Cold plate flow paths parameters"

Table 3

Physical properties of solid materials and refrigerants"

Table 4

Verified experimental conditions"

Fig. 4

Comparison of experimental and simulation results on the variation of heat transfer coefficient with dryness"

Fig. 5

Comparison of experimental and simulation results for pressure drop variation with dryness"

Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of monitoring battery location"

Fig. 7

Distribution of cell temperature field at the end of charging/discharging of a single serpentine flow path cold plate battery pack"

Fig. 8

Distribution of cell temperature field at the end of charging/discharging of parallel serpentine flow paths in the form of “one divides in the two” cold plate battery pack"

Fig. 9

Distribution of cell temperature field at the end of charging/discharging of parallel serpentine flow paths in the form of “one divides in the four” cold plate battery pack"

Fig. 10

Variation curves of maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference in the charging/discharging process of battery packs of three structures"

Fig. 11

Flow paths temperature uniformity and average in-channel temperature for three structures at the end of charge/discharge"

Fig. 12

Temperature uniformity of the battery pack in the horizontal and vertical directions"

Fig. 13

Schematic diagram of battery pack and upper cold plate structure"

Fig. 14

Variation curves of maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of battery pack in charging/discharging process after adding a small cold plate"

Fig. 15

Temperature uniformity in the horizontal and vertical directions after the addition of a small cold plate"

Fig. 16

Temperature field distribution of battery pack improved by adding a small cold plate"

Fig. 17

Temperature field distribution at the end of charging and discharging at 1.5C multiplication rate of the battery pack after adding a small cold plate"

Fig. 18

Temperature field distribution at the end of charging and discharging at 2C multiplication rate of the battery pack after adding a small cold plate"

Fig. 19

Variation curves of maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the battery pack after adding a small cold plate during charging/discharging at 1.5C and 2C multiplicities"