钠离子电池的阶梯充电策略及优化

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0963

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以锂离子电池为能量载体的电动汽车正在面临安全与成本的双重考验。与锂离子电池具有相似的工作原理且兼具经济性和安全性的钠离子电池正在崭露头角。为实现钠离子电池的高效快速充电，本工作基于充电区间的直流内阻变化以及差分电压分析(differential voltage analysis, DVA)特征峰的变化，提出了一种优化的九阶梯电压截止充电策略，在充电初期与中后期对电流进行了限制，以应对低荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)充电直流内阻过高、中高SOC区间越过中心特征峰高倍率充电易损伤电池的情况，并与3种容量截止阶梯充电以及恒流恒压(constant current constant voltage, CCCV)充电策略进行了老化对比。基于150次老化循环的实验结果表明，在相同约束条件下，所有的阶梯充电策略的电池老化情况均不同程度优于CCCV充电，其中优化的九阶梯电压截止充电策略性能最优，相比CCCV标准充电，其充电时间缩短了16.0%，电池健康状态提高7.4个百分点，内阻衰减低17.8个百分点。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 阶梯充电, 电池老化

Abstract:

Electric vehicles that rely on lithium-ion batteries for energy face dual challenges of safety and cost. An emerging alternative, sodium-ion batteries, share similar working principles with lithium-ion batteries, while being more economical and inherently safer. To achieve the rapid charging of sodium-ion batteries, this study proposes an optimized nine-step voltage cutoff charging strategy, developed based on the analysis of DC internal resistance changes and differential voltage analysis to monitor characteristic peak variations. The proposed strategy adjusts current limitations across three charging phases (early, middle, and late) to address specific issues, namely high DC internal resistance at low states of charge (SOC) during early charging, increased risk of damage at medium and high SOC regions, caused by high-rate charging and graphite characteristic peak activity. This strategy is compared against existing methods, including the constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charging method and a three-capacity cutoff tiered charging method, by analyzing 150 charging cycles. Experimental results show that, under the same constraints, the proposed battery aging strategies outperform the CCCV charging method. Specifically, compared with the optimized CCCV standard charging, the proposed strategies reduce charging time by 19.04%, improve battery health state by 7.4%, and decrease internal resistance attenuation by 17.8%.

Key words: sodium ion battery, step charging, battery aging

中图分类号:

TM 912

单福星, 霍海波, 张铮, 渐彬彬, 陈军. 钠离子电池的阶梯充电策略及优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1668-1678.

Fuxing SHAN, Haibo HUO, Zheng ZHANG, Binbin JIAN, Jun CHEN. Step-charging strategy and optimization of sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1668-1678.

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约束指标	数值范围
时间	<45 min
温升	<5 ℃
充入比	>99%

名称	数值
尺寸/mm	65.30±0.10(高度)
尺寸/mm	18.40±0.10(直径)
标称容量/mAh	1400
标称电压/V	3.10
质量/g	38
交流内阻/mΩ	≤18

名称	数值范围
容量/mAh	1370~1375
交流内阻/mΩ	18.2~18.4
恒流充入比	0.980~0.985

充电方法	10%~80% SOC用时	节省用时	同比缩短
CCCV	45 min 26 s	0	0
3SOC-MSCC	41 min 54 s	3 min 32 s	7.78%
5SOC-MSCC	41 min 11 s	4 min 15 s	9.35%
10SOC-MSCC	43 min 00 s	2 min 26 s	5.36%
9V-MSCC	38 min 10 s	7 min 16 s	16.0%

循环	2峰电压/V	2峰高度 /(mAh/V)	3峰电压/V	3峰高度 /(mAh/V)
CCCV	2.8721	1478.7664	2.9251	2309.6649
3SOC-MSCC	2.8635	1598.3846	2.9235	2327.6817
5SOC-MSCC	2.8578	1649.1074	2.9194	2446.5064
10SOC-MSCC	2.8584	1649.4737	1.9197	2460.5657
9V-MSCC	2.8580	1704.7926	2.9199	2502.1320