复合水系灭火剂抑制磷酸铁锂电池火灾实验

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0651

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探究复合水系灭火剂对磷酸铁锂电池火灾的抑制效果，选定水溶性盐类物质及表面活性剂开展不同浓度单一组分的灭火实验，基于此结果复配得到4种复合水系灭火剂(complex solution，CS)，并研究灭火剂的表面张力及热解特性揭示灭火机理。同时开展不同细水雾特性参数下锂离子电池火灾灭火实验，研究细水雾工作压力及雾化锥角对火灾抑制效果的影响。结果表明施加4种复合水系灭火剂后均有效阻断了锂离子电池组热失控传播。根据各项灭火参数及灭火剂有效性综合评估结果，配方为：0.15% FC-4(全氟丁基磺酰氟)、1% APG0810(癸基葡糖苷)、0.32% CH₄N₂O(尿素)、2% NaHCO₃(碳酸氢钠)的CS-4灭火剂综合灭火效果突出。高压细水雾对火焰压制能力更强，而低压细水雾下的火焰在得到初步抑制后出现强化现象。灭火剂对火灾的抑制效率随细水雾雾化锥角的增大呈现“V”形趋势，实验雾化锥角为60°时效果最好。复合水系灭火剂及细水雾灭火系统特性参数综合研究，可为锂离子电池火灾消防控制策略、灭火剂开发提供借鉴，为锂电池储能电站的安全防护提供参考。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 高效灭火剂, 灭火有效性, 灭火机理, 细水雾

Abstract:

In order to explore the suppression effect of composite water extinguishing agents on lithium-ion battery fires, fire extinguishing experiments were conducted using water-soluble salts and surfactants at varying concentrations of a single component. Based on the results, four complex solutions (CS) were synthesized. The study focused on the surface tension and pyrolysis characteristics of fire extinguishing agents to determine the mechanism behind fire suppression. Simultaneously, various experiments were conducted to investigate characteristics of fine water mist parameters in extinguishing lithium-ion battery fires, focusing on the impact of working pressure and atomization cone angle on the effect of fire suppression. The results showed that applying four compound extinguishing agents can effectively inhibit the thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion batteries. The results of the comprehensive evaluation of various extinguishing parameters and the effectiveness of extinguishing agents indicated that the CS-4 extinguishing agent, which is formulated with 0.15% FC-4 (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride), 1% APG0810 (alkyl glucoside), 0.32% CH₄N₂O (urea), and 2% NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate), demonstrated an outstanding comprehensive extinguishing effect. High-pressure fine water mist had a stronger flame suppression ability, whereas the flame under low-pressure fine water mist appeared to be intensified after being initially suppressed. The fire suppression efficiency of the fire extinguishing agent showed a V-shaped trend with the increase of water mist atomization cone angle, and the best effect was achieved when the atomization cone angle was 60°. The comprehensive research on the characteristic parameters of composite water extinguishing agents and water mist extinguishing systems can provide references for developing fire control strategies and extinguishing agents for lithium-ion battery fires and the safety protection of lithium battery energy storage power stations.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, high efficiency extinguishing agent, fire fighting effectiveness, fire extinguishing mechanism, water mist

中图分类号:

X 932

李可, 朱顺兵, 陶致格, 王赫. 复合水系灭火剂抑制磷酸铁锂电池火灾实验[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(1): 140-151.

Ke LI, Shunbing ZHU, Zhige TAO, He WANG. Fire suppression experiment of lithium iron phosphate battery with composite water extinguishing agent[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(1): 140-151.

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基本参数	数值
电池尺寸/mm	8×118×155
电池重量/g	250
标称电压/V	3.2
标称容量/Ah	10
充电截止电压/V	3.65
放电截止电压/V	2.3

组分	添加剂种类	质量分数/%
碳酸氢钠(NaHCO₃)	钠盐添加剂	1	1.5	2	2.5
尿素(CH₄N₂O)	助溶剂	0.28	0.3	0.32	0.34
全氟丁基磺酰氟(FC-4)	阳离子表面活性剂	0.1	0.15	0.2	0.25
癸基葡糖苷(APG0810)	发泡剂	0.5	1	1.5	2

组别	T_max/℃	V₁/(℃/s)	V₂/(℃/s)	t/s	β/10^-6
纯水	469	5.419	0.178	65	1.08
CS-1	451	5.032	0.405	57	3.13
CS-2	439	2.674	0.505	54	7.97
CS-3	442	3.944	0.469	52	4.98
CS-4	433	2.564	0.770	52	13.34

组别	第一个吸热峰温度范围/℃	第一个热焓/(J/g)	第二个吸热峰温度范围/℃	第二个热焓/(J/g)	总热焓/(J/g)	总失重率/%
CS-1	41.58～129.4	1873.9	137.34～183.71	89.67	1962.67	78.97
CS-2	30.67～123.1	2023.19	131.98～176.2	88.97	2112.16	91.8
CS-3	20.58～110.38	1923.7	115.9～184.21	90.2	2013.9	85.71
CS-4	19.33～111.5	2316.77	114.5～167.69	106.21	2422.98	94.86

波数/cm^-1	波长/μm	官能团	振动方式
3500～3300	2.86～3.03	O－H	伸缩
1680～1630	5.95～6.13	C＝O	伸缩
1655～1590	6.04～6.29	N－H	弯曲
1515～1390	6.60～7.19	C＝O	弯曲