过充导致三元锂电池电动汽车火灾的试验研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0897

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三元锂离子电池作为目前电动汽车的主要能源电池之一，在过充条件下触发热失控可能导致严重的火灾事故。本工作采用过充的方式对三元锂电池电动汽车开展实体火灾试验，测量了电池包内部、汽车底盘、汽车表面、车厢内部和四周的温度及汽车周围的辐射热流强度等数据，并采用耗氧原理测量了试验过程中的火灾热释放速率。结果表明：在过充导致三元锂电池发生热失控后，从电池包释放的可燃气体迅速被引燃并形成喷射火焰，火焰喷射的水平距离约4 m，火焰迅速引燃汽车轮胎及底盘周围的其他可燃物，火势随后导致车窗玻璃相继破裂，引燃车厢内饰及座椅，整车发生剧烈燃烧。试验车辆着火后的火灾增长速率(α=0.98 kW/s²)远大于超快速火，火灾热释放速率的峰值达到约8 MW。距车辆外边缘0.5 m和1.0 m处的辐射热流强度峰值分别达到60~80 kW/m²和30~35 kW/m²，可导致周围停靠的车辆着火，引发火灾向相邻车辆迅速蔓延。

关键词: 电动汽车, 三元锂离子电池, 过充, 热失控, 火灾蔓延, 火灾热释放速率

Abstract:

Because NCM lithium-ion batteries are currently the primary energy source for electric vehicles, overcharging them could trigger thermal runaway and lead to serious vehicle fire accidents. In this study, a fire test of a NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle was performed by overcharging the battery. During the test, the temperatures inside the battery pack, under the chassis, on the car surface, inside the car, and the radiative heat flux intensities all around the car were measured. In addition, the fire heat release rate was measured using the oxygen consumption principle. The results show that after the thermal runaway of the battery pack, combustible gases were released and ignited, forming a jet flame. The horizontal distance of the flame jet was approximately 4 m. The flame quickly ignited the tires of the vehicle and other combustible materials around the chassis. The resulting fire broke the window, igniting the interior and seats within the vehicle compartments. The vehicle was engulfed in an intense flame. The fire growth rate (α = 0.98 kW/s²) of the tested vehicle was significantly higher than that of an ultra-fast fire (α = 0.1875 kW/s²), and the peak heat release rate was approximately 8.0 MW. The peak radiative heat flux intensities at 0.5 and 1.0 m from the edge of the vehicle were 60—80 and 30—35 kW/m², respectively, which could ignite nearby vehicles and cause fire to spread.

Key words: electric vehicle, NCM lithium-ion battery, overcharge, thermal runaway, fire spread, heat release rate

中图分类号:

X 932

彭磊, 倪照鹏, 于越, 孙福鹏, 夏修龙, 张鹏, 孙思博. 过充导致三元锂电池电动汽车火灾的试验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1484-1495.

Lei PENG, Zhaopeng NI, Yue YU, Fupeng SUN, Xiulong XIA, Peng ZHANG, Sibo SUN. Experimental study on NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle fire caused by overcharging[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1484-1495.

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序号	阶段	时间	事件	事件概况	图号
1	第一阶段：过充及点燃阶段	0 min 0 s	开始过充	试验开始	图7(a)
2		1 h 6 min 48 s	有白烟从底盘的前侧溢出，持续约9 s	底盘冒白烟	图7(b)
3		1 h 6 min 57 s	底盘溢出的烟气着火	出现明火	图7(c)

4	第二阶段：初期蔓延阶段	1 h 7 min 14 s	火焰向车前喷出，呈明显的喷射火焰状态，喷出距离约2 m	火焰呈典型的喷射状态	图7(d)
5		1 h 7 min 35 s	喷射火焰的最远距离达到约4 m	火焰呈典型的喷射状态	图7(e)
6		1 h 7 min 2 s	右侧前轮胎被引燃	车辆自身的轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(f)
7		1 h 7 min 56 s	左侧前轮胎被引燃		图7(g)
8		1 h 8 min 58 s	右侧后轮胎被引燃		图7(h)
9		1 h 10 min 49 s	左侧后轮胎被引燃		图7(i)
10		1 h 7 min 53 s	右侧间隔0.5 m的前方轮胎，被引燃	相邻车位轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(j)
11		1 h 10 min 52 s	右侧间隔0.5 m的后方轮胎，被引燃	相邻车位轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(k)

12	第三阶段：完全燃烧阶段	1 h 10 min 58 s	后排右侧的玻璃破裂	车窗玻璃相继破裂	图7(l)
13		1 h 11 min 21 s	前挡玻璃破裂		图7(m)
14		1 h 13 min 40 s	前排左侧的玻璃破裂		图7(n)

17	第四阶段：衰减阶段	1 h 21 min	车辆前轮胎和前机舱基本燃烧殆尽，火势开始变小	火势逐渐衰减	图7(o)
18	第四阶段：衰减阶段	1 h 40min	除驾驶台和仪表盘区域还有明显火焰外，其他区域的火势基本燃烧殆尽	火势逐渐衰减	图7(p)

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