Failure of graphite negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries and advanced characterization methods

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0284

Abstract

Abstract:

With the growing focus on developing portable devices and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained widespread commercial use owing to their high energy density, long cycle life, and small self-discharge. However, LIBs are prone to various failure modes during operation, such as lithium plating, short circuit, thermal failure, and gas generation. These issues can lead to capacity degradation, battery expansion, thermal runaway, and other safety concerns. Therefore, understanding and addressing these failure mechanisms are crucial for advancing the safety and longevity of LIBs. This study explores the failure mechanism of graphite negative electrodes, which are widely used in LIBs, under various conditions such as lithium plating, high and low temperature, overcharging, and other conditions. It also highlights advanced characterization techniques used to analyze these failure mechanisms. By examining the graphite structure, phase transition during lithium insertion, graphite surface morphology, heat released by the negative electrode, and gas generated by the reaction, the four primary causes of these failures are discussed, which mainly affect the failure mechanisms, such as graphite layer spacing, phase transition during lithium insertion of graphite, loss of active lithium, additional interface film generation, and other side reactions. Finally, the characterization methods for various failure causes are summarized. The standardization and normalization of battery failure analyses are further discussed, which play a key role in advancing future research and development efforts aimed at improving the safety and performance of LIBs.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, graphite negative electrode failure, lithium precipitation, high and low temperature, overcharging

CLC Number:

TK 911

Jinqiao DU, Jie TIAN, Yan LI, Pu CAI, Wencong FENG, Wen LUO. Failure of graphite negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries and advanced characterization methods[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3467-3479.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

References 89

1	彭官明, 吴朝阳. 新能源发展的技术瓶颈[J]. 农机使用与维修, 2022(10): 76-78. DOI: 10.14031/j.cnki.njwx.2022.10.024.
	PENG G M, WU Z Y. Study on the technological bottleneck of new energy development[J]. Agricultural Machinery Using & Maintenance, 2022(10): 76-78. DOI: 10.14031/j.cnki.njwx. 2022.10.024.
2	元博, 张运洲, 鲁刚, 等. 电力系统中储能发展前景及应用关键问题研究[J]. 中国电力, 2019, 52(3): 1-8.
	YUAN B, ZHANG Y Z, LU G, et al. Research on key issues of energy storage development and application in power systems[J]. Electric Power, 2019, 52(3): 1-8.
3	KIM D S, LEE J U, KIM S H, et al. Electrochemically exfoliated graphite as a highly efficient conductive additive for an anode in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Battery Energy, 2023, 2(5): DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20230012.
4	LI Z J, WU X F, LUO W, et al. Dual sulfur-doped sites boost potassium storage in carbon nanosheets derived from low-cost sulfonate[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431: 134207. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134207.
5	XIE L J, TANG C, BI Z H, et al. Hard carbon anodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries: Review and perspective[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(38): 2101650. DOI: 10.1002/aenm. 202101650.
6	贾超, 赵霞, 张妍. 锂电池储能电站火灾风险分析与对策探讨[J]. 电力安全技术, 2022, 24(6): 23-26. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-6226.2022.06.008.
	JIA C, ZHAO X, ZHANG Y. On the fire risk analysis and strategies for lithium battery energy storage power stations[J]. Electric Safety Technology, 2022, 24(6): 23-26. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-6226.2022.06.008.
7	李晨尧, 李孝斌, 武军利, 等. 灭火剂抑制锂电池火灾研究现状分析[J]. 安全, 2023, 44(1): 54-59. DOI: 10.19737/j.cnki.issn1002-3631.2023.01.008.
	LI C Y, LI X B, WU J L, et al. Analysis on current research status of lithium-ion battery fire suppression by fire extinguishing agents[J]. Safety & Security, 2023, 44(1): 54-59. DOI: 10.19737/j.cnki.issn1002-3631.2023.01.008.
8	TIAN Y, LIN C, CHEN X, et al. Reversible lithium plating on working anodes enhances fast charging capability in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 56: 412-423. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.035.
9	颜雪冬, 马兴立, 李维义, 等. 浅析软包装锂离子电池胀气问题[J]. 电源技术, 2013, 37(9): 1536-1538. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2013.09.013.
	YAN X D, MA X L, LI W Y, et al. Analysis of swollen problem in soft packing lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 37(9): 1536-1538. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2013.09.013.
10	王其钰, 王朔, 张杰男, 等. 锂离子电池失效分析概述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2017, 6(5): 1008-1025. DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.0043.
	WANG Q Y, WANG S, ZHANG J N, et al. Overview of the failure analysis of lithium ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2017, 6(5): 1008-1025. DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.0043.
11	FANG L Z, LIU X Z, LI T. Exploring battery material failure mechanisms through synchrotron X-ray characterization techniques[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2024, 94: 128-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.02.019.
12	LI H G, ZHOU D, ZHANG M H, et al. Multi-field interpretation of internal short circuit and thermal runaway behavior for lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse[J]. Energy, 2023, 263: 126027. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.126027.
13	MALLICK S, GAYEN D. Thermal behaviour and thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery systems–A critical review[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 62: 106894. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.106894.
14	GAO X L, LIU X H, XIE W L, et al. Multiscale observation of Li plating for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Rare Metals, 2021, 40(11): 3038-3048. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-021-01730-3.
15	WALDMANN T, HOGG B I, WOHLFAHRT-MEHRENS M. Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells—A review[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 384: 107-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.063.
16	王怡, 陈学兵, 王愿习, 等. 储能锂离子电池多层级失效机理及分析技术综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2079-2094. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0295.
	WANG Y, CHEN X B, WANG Y X, et al. Overview of multilevel failure mechanism and analysis technology of energy storage lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(7): 2079-2094. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0295.
17	CHEN Z H, QIN Y, REN Y, et al. Multi-scale study of thermal stability of lithiated graphite[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4(10): 4023-4030. DOI: 10.1039/C1EE01786A.
18	WANG Q S, SUN J H, YAO X L, et al. Thermal behavior of lithiated graphite with electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(2): A329. DOI: 10.1149/1.2139955.
19	GALUSHKIN N Е, YAZVINSKAYA N N, GALUSHKIN D N. Mechanism of gases generation during lithium-ion batteries cycling[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(6): A897-A908. DOI: 10.1149/2.0041906jes.
20	GUO S S, XIONG R, SHEN W X, et al. Aging investigation of an echelon internal heating method on a three-electrode lithium ion cell at low temperatures[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2019, 25: 100878. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2019.100878.
21	HU X S, ZHENG Y S, HOWEY D A, et al. Battery warm-up methodologies at subzero temperatures for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2020, 77: 100806. DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100806.
22	RAUHALA T, JALKANEN K, ROMANN T, et al. Low-temperature aging mechanisms of commercial graphite/LiFePO₄ cells cycled with a simulated electric vehicle load profile—A post-mortem study[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2018, 20: 344-356. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2018.10.007.
23	SPOTNITZ R, FRANKLIN J. Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 113(1): 81-100. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3.
24	LI Y Z, LI Y B, PEI A, et al. Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo-electron microscopy[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6362): 506-510. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6014.
25	邓林旺, 冯天宇, 舒时伟, 等. 锂离子电池无损析锂检测研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(1): 263-277. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0428.
	DENG L W, FENG T Y, SHU S W, et al. Nondestructive lithium plating online detection for lithium-ion batteries: A review[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(1): 263-277. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0428.
26	VETTER J, NOVÁK P, WAGNER M R, et al. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 147(1/2): 269-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006.
27	JIN Y, ZHENG Z K, WEI D H, et al. Detection of micro-scale Li dendrite via H₂ gas capture for early safety warning[J]. Joule, 2020, 4(8): 1714-1729. DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.016.
28	CROWTHER O, WEST A C. Effect of electrolyte composition on lithium dendrite growth[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2008, 155(11): A806. DOI: 10.1149/1.2969424.
29	BIEKER G, WINTER M, BIEKER P. Electrochemical in situ investigations of SEI and dendrite formation on the lithium metal anode[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2015, 17(14): 8670-8679. DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05865h.
30	STEIGER J, RICHTER G, WENK M, et al. Comparison of the growth of lithium filaments and dendrites under different conditions[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2015, 50: 11-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.11.002.
31	GHASSEMI H, AU M, CHEN N, et al. Real-time observation of lithium fibers growth inside a nanoscale lithium-ion battery[J]. 2011, 99(12): 123113. DOI: 10.1063/1.3643035.
32	LIU X H, ZHONG L, ZHANG L Q, et al. Lithium fiber growth on the anode in a nanowire lithium ion battery during charging[J]. 2011, 98(18): 183107. DOI: 10.1063/1.3585655.
33	DOWNIE L E, KRAUSE L J, BURNS J C, et al. In situ detection of lithium plating on graphite electrodes by electrochemical calorimetry[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013, 160(4): A588-A594. DOI: 10.1149/2.049304jes.
34	SCHINDLER S, BAUER M, PETZL M, et al. Voltage relaxation and impedance spectroscopy as in-operando methods for the detection of lithium plating on graphitic anodes in commercial lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 304: 170-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.044.
35	ANSEÁN D, DUBARRY M, DEVIE A, et al. operando lithium plating quantification and early detection of a commercial LiFePO₄ cell cycled under dynamic driving schedule[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 356: 36-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2017.04.072.
36	KOLETI U R, DINH T Q, MARCO J. A new on-line method for lithium plating detection in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 451: 227798. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2020.227798.
37	董鹏, 张剑波, 王震坡. 基于电化学阻抗谱的锂离子电池析锂检测方法[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(4): 570-579. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.016.
	DONG P, ZHANG J B, WANG Z P. Lithium plating identification based on electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 570-579. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.016.
38	JAGFELD S M P,BIRKE K P,FILL A,et al. How cell design affects the aging behavior: comparing electrode-individual aging processes of high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries using high precision coulometry[J]. Batteries,2023,9(4): 232.
39	XIONG Y C, LIU Y, CHEN L, et al. New insight on graphite anode degradation induced by Li-plating[J]. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2022, 5(3): 872-876. DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12334.
40	PETZL M, DANZER M A. Nondestructive detection, characterization, and quantification of lithium plating in commercial lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 254: 80-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.060.
41	李奇松, 陈荣, 李慧芳. 阻抗分析法在锂离子电池析锂阈值检测中的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(4): 1278-1282. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0716.
	LI Q S, CHEN R, LI H F. Application of impedance analysis in the detection of lithium evolution threshold of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1278-1282. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0716.
42	BURNS J C, STEVENS D A, DAHN J R. In-situ detection of lithium plating using high precision coulometry[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(6): A959-A964. DOI: 10.1149/2.0621506jes.
43	VON LÜDERS C, ZINTH V, ERHARD S V, et al. Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries investigated by voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 342: 17-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.032.
44	WANDT J, JAKES P, GRANWEHR J, et al. Quantitative and time-resolved detection of lithium plating on graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries[J]. Materials Today, 2018, 21(3): 231-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.001.
45	PETZL M, KASPER M, DANZER M A. Lithium plating in a commercial lithium-ion battery—A low-temperature aging study[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 275: 799-807. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.065.
46	ZHU G L, WEN K C, LV W Q, et al. Materials insights into low-temperature performances of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 300: 29-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2015.09.056.
47	TOMASZEWSKA A, CHU Z Y, FENG X N, et al. Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review[J]. eTransportation, 2019, 1: 100011. DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011.
48	LUO H W, WANG Y D, FENG Y H, et al. Lithium-ion batteries under low-temperature environment: Challenges and prospects[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(22): 8166. DOI: 10.3390/ma15228166.
49	HU D Z, CHEN G, TIAN J, et al. Unrevealing the effects of low temperature on cycling life of 21700-type cylindrical Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 60: 104-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.12.024.
50	WANG S J, HU C, YU R, et al. Study on low-temperature cycle failure mechanism of a ternary lithium ion battery[J]. RSC Advances, 2022, 12(32): 20755-20761. DOI: 10.1039/D2RA02518C.
51	CHEN C C, WEI Y, ZHAO Z B, et al. Investigation of the swelling failure of lithium-ion battery packs at low temperatures using 2D/3D X-ray computed tomography[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 305: 65-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.038.
52	WU W X, WU W, QIU X H, et al. Low-temperature reversible capacity loss and aging mechanism in lithium-ion batteries for different discharge profiles[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2019, 43(1): 243-253. DOI: 10.1002/er.4257.
53	GE H, HUANG J, ZHANG J B, et al. Temperature-adaptive alternating current preheating of lithium-ion batteries with lithium deposition prevention[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 163(2): A290-A299. DOI: 10.1149/2.0961602jes.
54	NAKHANIVEJ P, RANA H H, KIM H, et al. Transport and durability of energy storage materials operating at high temperatures[J]. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(7): 7696-7703. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04402.
55	ANDRE D,MEILER M,STEINER K,et al. Characterization of high-power lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. I. Experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(12): 5334-5341.
56	YANG X G, LIU T, GAO Y, et al. Asymmetric temperature modulation for extreme fast charging of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(12): 3002-3019. DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.021.
57	WAQAS M, ALI S, FENG C, et al. Recent development in separators for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries[J]. Small, 2019, 15(33): e1901689. DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901689.
58	ALI S, TAN C, WAQAS M, et al. Highly efficient PVDF-HFP/colloidal alumina composite separator for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2018, 5(5): 1701147. DOI: 10.1002/admi.201701147.
59	QIAO Y, HE Y B, JIANG K Z, et al. High-voltage Li-ion full-cells with ultralong term cycle life at elevated temperature[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(33): 1802322. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201802322.
60	RODRIGUES M T F, BABU G, GULLAPALLI H, et al. A materials perspective on Li-ion batteries at extreme temperatures[J]. Nature Energy, 2017, 2(8): 17108. DOI: 10.1038/nenergy. 2017.108.
61	RODRIGUES M T F, KALAGA K, GULLAPALLI H, et al. Hexagonal boron nitride-based electrolyte composite for Li-ion battery operation from room temperature to 150 ℃[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2016, 6(12): 1600218. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600218.
62	SCHIPPER F, BOUZAGLO H, DIXIT M, et al. From surface ZrO₂ coating to bulk Zr doping by high temperature annealing of nickel-rich lithiated oxides and their enhanced electrochemical performance in lithium ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(4): 1701682. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201701682.
63	TAKEI K, KUMAI K, KOBAYASHI Y, et al. Cycle life estimation of lithium secondary battery by extrapolation method and accelerated aging test[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 97: 697-701. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00646-2.
64	HAN X B, OUYANG M G, LU L G, et al. A comparative study of commercial lithium ion battery cycle life in electrical vehicle: Aging mechanism identification[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 251: 38-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.029.
65	BIENSAN P, SIMON B, PÉRÈS J P, et al. On safety of lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1999, 81: 906-912. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00135-4.
66	FLEISCHHAMMER M, WALDMANN T, BISLE G, et al. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 274: 432-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135.
67	FENG X N, FANG M, HE X M, et al. Thermal runaway features of large format prismatic lithium ion battery using extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 255: 294-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.005.
68	LIU X, YIN L, REN D S, et al. In situ observation of thermal-driven degradation and safety concerns of lithiated graphite anode[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 4235. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24404-1.
69	HÖLDERLE T, MONCHAK M, BARAN V, et al. Thermal structural behavior of electrochemically lithiated graphite (LixC₆) anodes in Li-ion batteries[J]. Batteries & Supercaps, 2024, 7(3): 2300499. DOI: 10.1002/batt.202300499.
70	DIDIER C, PANG W K, GUO Z P, et al. Phase evolution and intermittent disorder in electrochemically lithiated graphite determined using in operando neutron diffraction[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2020, 32(6): 2518-2531. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater. 9b05145.
71	HAIK O, GANIN S, GERSHINSKY G, et al. On the thermal behavior of lithium intercalated graphites[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2011, 158(8): A913. DOI: 10.1149/1.3598173.
72	ZHAO C P, SUN J H, WANG Q S. Thermal runaway hazards investigation on 18650 lithium-ion battery using extended volume accelerating rate calorimeter[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 28: 101232. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101232.
73	XU Z Y, SHI X L, ZHUANG X Q, et al. Chemical strain of graphite-based anode during lithiation and delithiation at various temperatures[J]. Research, 2021, 2021: 9842391. DOI: 10.34133/2021/9842391.
74	RODRIGUES M T F, KALAGA K, BABU G, et al. Coulombic inefficiency of graphite anode at high temperature[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 285: 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta. 2018.07.152.
75	TAN L, ZHANG L, SUN Q N, et al. Capacity loss induced by lithium deposition at graphite anode for LiFePO₄/graphite cell cycling at different temperatures[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 111: 802-808. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.074.
76	FENG X N, OUYANG M G, LIU X, et al. Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2018, 10: 246-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013.
77	陈吉清, 刘蒙蒙, 周云郊, 等. 不同滥用条件下车用锂电池安全性实验研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(1): 66-73. DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.01.010.
	CHEN J Q, LIU M M, ZHOU Y J, et al. Experimental study on safety of automotive NCM battery under different abuse conditions[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2020, 42(1): 66-73. DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.01.010.
78	HUANG Z H, LIU J L, ZHAI H J, et al. Experimental investigation on the characteristics of thermal runaway and its propagation of large-format lithium ion batteries under overcharging and overheating conditions[J]. Energy, 2021, 233: 121103. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121103.
79	MAO N, ZHANG T, WANG Z R, et al. Revealing the thermal stability and component heat contribution ratio of overcharged lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway[J]. Energy, 2023, 263: 125786. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.125786.
80	MACNEIL D D, DAHN J R. The reaction of charged cathodes with nonaqueous solvents and electrolytes: I. Li_0.5CoO₂[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2001, 148(11): A1205. DOI: 10.1149/1.1407245.
81	REN D S, FENG X N, LU L G, et al. Overcharge behaviors and failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries under different test conditions[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 250: 323-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.015.
82	ZHANG L L, MA Y L, CHENG X Q, et al. Capacity fading mechanism during long-term cycling of over-discharged LiCoO₂/mesocarbon microbeads battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 293: 1006-1015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.040.
83	JUAREZ-ROBLES D, VYAS A A, FEAR C, et al. Overcharge and aging analytics of Li-ion cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167(9): 090547. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab9569.
84	OHSAKI T, KISHI T, KUBOKI T, et al. Overcharge reaction of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 146(1/2): 97-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.105.
85	LU W Q, LÓPEZ C M, LIU N, et al. Overcharge effect on morphology and structure of carbon electrodes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2012, 159(5): A566-A570. DOI: 10.1149/2.jes035205.
86	LIU Y B, HUO R, QIN H L, et al. Overcharge investigation of degradations and behaviors of large format lithium ion battery with Li(Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2)O₂ cathode[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 31: 101643. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101643.
87	QI C, ZHU Y L, GAO F, et al. Morphology, structure and thermal stability analysis of cathode and anode material under overcharge[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(16): A3985-A3992. DOI: 10.1149/2.0911816jes.
88	LIN C K, REN Y, AMINE K, et al. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction to study overcharge abuse of 18650-size lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 230: 32-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.032.
89	WANG C J, ZHU Y L, GAO F, et al. Thermal runaway behavior and features of LiFePO₄/graphite aged batteries under overcharge[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(7): 5477-5487. DOI: 10.1002/er.5298.

[1]	Ning HE, Fangfang YANG. Early prediction of battery lifetime based on energy and temperature features [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(9): 3016-3029.
[2]	Zhifeng HE, Yuanzhe TAO, Yonggang HU, Qicong Wang, Yong YANG. Machine learning-enhanced electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for lithium-ion battery research [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(9): 2933-2951.
[3]	Changhao LI, Shuping WANG, Xiankun YANG, Ziqi ZENG, Xinyue ZHOU, Jia XIE. Nonaqueous electrolyte in low-temperature lithium-ion battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2286-2299.
[4]	Yang LU, Shuaishuai YAN, Xiao MA, Zhi LIU, Weili ZHANG, Kai LIU. Low-temperature electrolytes and their application in lithium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2224-2242.
[5]	Meilong WANG, Yurui XUE, Wenxi HU, Keyu DU, Ruitao SUN, Bin ZHANG, Ya YOU. Design and research of all-ether high-entropy electrolyte for low-temperature lithium iron phosphate batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2131-2140.
[6]	Zeheng LI, Lei XU, Yuxing YAO, Chong YAN, Ximin ZHAI, Xuechun HAO, Aibing CHEN, Jiaqi HUANG, Xiaofei BIE, Huanli SUN, Lizhen FAN, Qiang ZHANG. A review of electrolyte reducing lithium plating in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2192-2205.
[7]	Pengfei XIAO, Lin MEI, Libao CHEN. Multicomponent-coated graphite composite anodes for low-temperature electrochemical energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2116-2123.
[8]	Chen LI, Huilin ZHANG, Jianping ZHANG. Estimated state of health for retired lithium batteries using kernel function and hyperparameter optimization [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 2010-2021.
[9]	Chenwei LI, Shiguo XU, Haifeng YU, Songmin YU, Hao JIANG. Synthesis of Mg-doped LiFe_0.5Mn_0.5PO₄/C cathode materials for Li-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1767-1774.
[10]	Qi SUN, Hao PENG, Qingguo MENG, Dekai KONG, Rui FENG. Thermal adaptability of energy storage battery pack in extreme conditions [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 2039-2043.
[11]	Yuchao ZHANG, Fengjiao ZHANG, Wei LOU, Feixiang ZAN, Linling WANG, Anxu SHENG, Xiaohui WU, Jing CHEN. Transformation process of valuable metals in the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries and the potential environmental impact [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1861-1870.
[12]	Runyuan LI, Fu'ao GUO, Gangchao ZHAO. Early warning method for fire safety of containerized lithium-ion battery energy storage systems [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(5): 1595-1602.
[13]	Yuanhui TANG, Boxing YUAN, Jie LI, Yunlong ZHANG. Study on the safety of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under nail penetration conditions [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1326-1334.
[14]	Bingjin LI, Xiaoxia HAN, Wenjie ZHANG, Weiguo ZENG, Jinde WU. Review of the remaining useful life prediction methods for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1266-1276.
[15]	Jiamu YANG, Yuxin CHEN, Cheng LIAN, Zhi XU, Honglai LIU. Flow field analysis and structural optimization of coating die with electrode slurry [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1109-1117.