储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (9): 3611-3618.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0242

• 储能测试与评价 • 上一篇    

180 Ah钠离子电池热失控与产气特性分析

储玉喜1,2,3(), 马畅1,2,3, 陈红光1,2,3, 张少禹1,2,3, 卓萍1,2,3()   

  1. 1.应急管理部天津消防研究所，天津 300381
    2.电化学能源消防安全联合创新应急管理部重点实验室，北京 102000
    3.天津市消防安全技术重点实验室，天津 300381
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-14 修回日期:2025-03-29 出版日期:2025-09-28 发布日期:2025-09-05
  • 通讯作者: 卓萍 E-mail:chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn
  • 作者简介:储玉喜（1986—），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事锂离子电池安全领域相关研究，E-mail： chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn；
  • 基金资助:
    应急管理部天津消防研究所中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2024SJ21);应急管理部重点科技计划(2024EMST111107)

Thermal runaway and gas production characteristics of a 180 Ah sodium-ion battery

Yuxi CHU1,2,3(), Chang MA1,2,3, Hongguang CHEN1,2,3, Shaoyu ZHANG1,2,3, Ping ZHUO1,2,3()   

  1. 1.Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Emergency Management Department, Tianjin 300381, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy and Fire Safety Joint Innovation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 102000, China
    3.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Fire Safety Technology, Tianjin 300381, China
  • Received:2025-03-14 Revised:2025-03-29 Online:2025-09-28 Published:2025-09-05
  • Contact: Ping ZHUO E-mail:chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn

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摘要：

近年来，由于材料成本低廉、无资源限制和宽温性能等优势，钠离子电池被看作锂离子电池的替代路线而发展迅速。然而，关于钠离子电池的火灾特性研究远落后于其商业化进程。本工作以方形铝壳180 Ah钠离子电池为研究对象，结合绝热加速量热仪与密闭压力容器，系统探究了绝热、外部加热及0.5C过充三种滥用条件下的热失控行为。结果表明：①电池在绝热条件下自产热温度Tonset为115.92 ℃，热失控触发温度Ttr为201.30 ℃，最高温度Tmax为444.82 ℃。电池在热失控过程中的最高温升速率为2353.08 ℃/min，质量损失率为22.80%。②在加热条件下，电池热失控起始温度约为171.83 ℃，热失控最高温度为484.51 ℃，热失控后释放混合气体总量为123.25 L，主要由氢气(35.39%)、二氧化碳(30.95%)、一氧化碳(19.16%)和乙烯(4.34%)等组成，电池质量损失率为24.98%。③在0.5C过充条件下，当过充SOC达到190.84%左右时，电池发生热失控，热失控最高温度为573.60 ℃，热失控后释放混合气体总量为200.26 L，主要由二氧化碳(29.08%)、氢气(28.10%)、一氧化碳(20.79%)和乙烯(14.43%)等组成，电池质量损失率为47.96%。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 热失控, 绝热环境, 电热滥用, 产气特性

Abstract:

In recent years, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, owing to their low material cost, absence of resource constraints, and broad operational temperature range. However, research on the fire safety and thermal characteristics of SIBs lags behind their commercialization. In this study, a 180 Ah square aluminum-shell SIB was selected as the research subject. Using an adiabatic accelerating calorimeter and a closed pressure vessel, thermal runaway experiments under adiabatic, overheating, and 0.5C overcharge conditions were conducted to investigate temperature, voltage, and gas generation behaviors under electro-thermal abuse. The results show that (1) under adiabatic conditions, the self-heating onset temperature (Tonset) was 115.9 ℃, the thermal runaway trigger temperature (Ttr) was 201.3 ℃, and the maximum temperature (Tmax) reached 444.8 ℃. The maximum temperature rise rate during thermal runaway was 2353 ℃/min, and the mass loss was 22.8%. (2) under overheating conditions, thermal runaway started at approximately 171.8 ℃, with a Tmax of 484.5 ℃. The total volume of mixed gas released after thermal runaway was 123.3 L, mainly consisting of hydrogen (35.4%), carbon dioxide (31.0%), carbon monoxide (19.2%), and ethylene (4.3%), with a mass loss of 25.0%. (3) under 0.5C overcharge conditions, thermal runaway occurred when the state of charge reached approximately 190.8%. The Tmax was 573.6 ℃, and the total gas released was 200.3 L, primarily containing carbon dioxide (29.1%), hydrogen (28.1%), carbon monoxide (20.8%), and ethylene (14.4%), with a mass loss of 48.0%. These findings provide a reference for the safety design and risk assessment of high-capacity SIBs.

Key words: sodium-ion battery, thermal runaway, adiabatic environment, electro-thermal abuse, gas-generating properties

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