超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 超高能量密度（>500 Wh/kg）锂金属电池是实现长续航电动汽车、低空经济等实际应用场景的关键电池技术。然而，锂金属枝晶生长以及高电压正极界面副分解等问题极大限制了其实际应用。当前商用电解液难以满足超高能量密度锂金属电池的极端要求，因此，亟需开发具有高界面稳定性、调节均匀锂金属沉积/剥离能力以及快离子传输能力等特性的新型电解液体系。本文首先介绍了能量密度>500 Wh/kg的锂金属电池电芯设计的基本原则，在此基础上，系统总结了近年来超高能量密度锂金属电池新型电解液的设计理念，包括常规浓度电解液的锂盐、溶剂和添加剂设计，局部高浓度电解液的锂盐、主溶剂和稀释剂设计，弱溶剂化电解液设计以及准固态电解质设计等。此外，本文强调了超高能量密度锂金属电池对于电解液在极低注液量下界面稳定性的要求，为未来新型电解液设计提供了理论指导。最后，本文总结了现有电解液设计策略的优缺点，并对该领域未来电解液组分分子结构设计、正极/电解液匹配、高倍率充放电、先进表征技术、电芯安全性等研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 电解液, 锂金属电池, 高能量密度, 电极/电解液界面

Abstract: Ultrahigh energy density (>500 Wh/kg) lithium metal batteries represent a critical battery technology to achieve practical applications such as long-range electric vehicles and low-altitude economy. However, issues like lithium dendrite growth and parasitic decomposition at high-voltage cathode interface severely limit their practical applications. Current commercial electrolytes struggle to meet the extreme requirements of ultrahigh energy density lithium metal batteries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel electrolytes featuring high interface stability, the ability to regulate uniform lithium plating/stripping, and fast ion transport. This review firstly outlines the fundamental principles for designing lithium metal batteries with energy density of >500 Wh/kg. Based on this foundation, this review systematically summarizes the recent design concepts for novel electrolytes in ultrahigh energy density lithium metal batteries, including the design of lithium salts, solvents, and additives for conventional concentration electrolytes, lithium salts, main solvents, and diluents for localized high-concentration electrolytes, weakly solvating electrolytes, and quasi-solid electrolytes. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the requirement for interfacial stability at extremely low electrolyte volume in ultrahigh energy density lithium metal batteries, providing theoretical guidance for future novel electrolyte design. Finally, this review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of existing electrolyte design strategies and outlines future research directions, including molecular structure design of electrolyte components, cathode/electrolyte matching, high-rate charging/discharging capability, advanced characterization techniques, and safety issues of batteries.

Key words: electrolyte, lithium metal batteries, high energy density, electrode/electrolyte interface

中图分类号:

TM911

张佳明, 施博扬, 林炜琦, 夏佳浩, 何桐, 怡勇, 李永, 张桥保. 超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术.

ZHANG Jiaming, SHI Boyang, LIN Weiqi, XIA Jiahao, HE Tong, YI Yong, LI Yong, ZHANG Qiaobao. Progress in Electrolyte Design for Ultrahigh Energy Density Lithium Metal Batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology.

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