Fig.1

(a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structure of LiMn1-xFeₓPO4[8]; (b) Schematic illustration of the Jahn-Teller distortion induced by Mn3+ ions[12]"

Fig.2

Modification strategies for LiMnₓFe1-xPO4 synthesized via the coprecipitation method[33-37]"

Figure 3

(a) Schematic diagram of homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation[41]; (b) Schematic diagram of the Lamer model: time-dependent evolution of reactant (red), reactant concentration (green), and particle size (blue), illustrating three typical stages of crystal formation in solution. Stage I: Supersaturation continuously accumulates but does not reach the critical nucleation concentration, and no nucleation occurs; Stage II: Supersaturation exceeds the critical value, triggering burst homogeneous nucleation, while supersaturation rapidly decreases; Stage III: Supersaturation drops below the critical value, nucleation ceases, and the growth stage begins[45]."

Fig. 4

Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of the Mn2+-Fe2+-Mg2+-C2O42--H2O system:(a)～(c)Three-dimensional relationship plots of oxalate excess coefficient, pH, and the logarithm of total metal concentration; (d) Optimization results of precipitation conditions; (e) EDS mapping of Li(Fe0.4Mn0.8)0.97Mg0.03PO4/C[31]"

Fig.5

(a) Crystal structures of NH4MPO4·H2O and LiMPO4, and the arrangement of the M-PO4 layers[55]; (b) Charge-discharge profiles of LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4/rGO/C composite materials at different C-rates[36]; (c) Rate capability of LiMn0.5978Fe0.3522Mg0.0500PO4/C cathode material[59]"

Fig. 6

(a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process for Mn0.5Fe0.5C2O4·2H2O precursor[62]; (b) Rate performance of LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4/C[62]"

Table1

Comparative summary of LiMnxFe1-xPO4/C synthesized from different precursors Note: The data listed in this table are for fundamental materials without specific modifications, in order to compare the influence of the precursors themselves"

Fig. 7

(a) Schematic design of a core-shell structure; (b) Comparison of the initial charge-discharge curves at 0.1C for LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4/C、LiMn0.67Fe0.33PO4/C、LiMn0.65Fe0.35PO4/C (non-core-shell), and LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 –LiFePO4/C (core-shell); (c) Comparison of the cycling performance at 0.5C for LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 –LiFePO4/C and LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 –LiFePO4/C (core-shell)[33]; (d) Schematic diagram of the Mn0.5Fe0.5C2O4·2H2O precursor; (e) Comparison of the charge-discharge curves at 0.1C for the LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 composites; (f) Comparison of ultra-long-term cycling performance at 1C[34]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic diagram of carbon coating effects using different carbon sources[67]; (b) Rate performance curves of CP1-LMFP/C and CP0-LMFP/C, and TEM image with corresponding FFT pattern of CP1-LMFP/C[74]"

Fig. 9

(a) Optimized crystal structures of LFMP@C and LMFP/Nb@C, and the corresponding schematic of the MnO6 octahedron; (b) Rate capability of LMFP/Nb@C[12]; (c) Cycling performance of Mg2+doped material[31];"

Table 2

Effect of various element doping on the performance of LiMnxFe1-xPO4/C"