Research progress of soft carbon as negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0033

Abstract

Abstract:

Compared with commercial lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer advantages such as low cost, abundant resources, good rate performance, excellent low-temperature performance, and high safety, garnering significant interest from the research community. Unlike hard carbon materials, soft carbon materials have a higher carbon content, lower cost, and greater commercial potential. However, these materials tend to graphitize during high-temperature carbonization, reducing the layer spacing, which adversely affects sodium-ion storage. This study reviews the recent advancements in the application of soft carbon materials to the negative electrodes of sodium ions. First, it summarizes the basic structure and sodium storage mechanisms of soft carbon materials. Building on this foundation, this study outlines an optimization strategy for the structural modification of soft carbon materials, focusing on four areas: porous structure modulation, heteroatom doping, composite control, and cross-linked structure construction. In porous structure modulation, techniques such as template carbonization, precursor structure formation, and physical/chemical activation methods are introduced. In heteroatom doping, the paper explores the modification effects and methods involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur atoms, and polyatomic doping. Composite control is achieved through techniques such as direct carbonization, thermal decomposition, and NH₃ treatment methods. The construction of cross-linked structures is examined through oxidation treatment and the introduction of chemical cross-linking agents, summarizing the latest research on soft carbon material modifications. The study concludes by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each structural optimization strategy and speculating on future directions for the development of more efficient soft carbon negative electrode materials.

Key words: sodium-ion batteries, soft carbon, structure construction, negative electrodes, storage mechanism

CLC Number:

TM 912

Cong SUO, Yangfeng WANG, Zichen ZHU, Yan YANG. Research progress of soft carbon as negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1807-1823.

Figures/Tables 14

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Table 1

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调控策略	材料名称	可逆容量	ICE/%	倍率性能	参考文献
多孔结构	ZAD-3-800	293 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g	60	53 mAh/g at 5A/g	[45]
多孔结构	MPC	331 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g	45	103 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[46]
多孔结构	3DHSC	215 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g	60	121 mAh/g at 1A/g	[47]
杂原子引入	PCNS1000	302 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	67	175 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[50]
杂原子引入	NC-1200	201 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g	49.5	85 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[51]
杂原子引入	PSC	275 mAh/g at 0.01 A/g	66	180 mAh/g at 1A/g	[52]
杂原子引入	SC-600	500 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g	30	300 mAh/g at 1A/g	[56]
杂原子引入	NPSC4-700	500 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	81	162 mAh/g at 1A/g	[58]
软硬碳复合	HC-0.2P-1000	349.9 mAh/g at 0.01 A/g	60.9	294.3 mAh/g at 1A/g	[62]
软硬碳复合	HC-SC	306.8 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g	55	144.9 mAh/g at 10A/g	[64]
软硬碳复合	NFC	345 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	53.4	217 mAh/g at 2A/g	[65]
交联结构构建	HCPOP-ox12	312 mAh/g at C/20	90	—	[67]
交联结构构建	AC	268.3 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g	82	200 mAh/g at 1C	[68]
交联结构构建	MCF750	272 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	90	121 mAh/g at 10 A/g	[69]
交联结构构建	Fe0.25H	306 mAh/g at 0.025 A/g	60	150 mAh/g at 2 A/g	[70]

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