This bimonthly review paper highlights 100 recent published papers on lithium batteries. We searched the Web of Science and found 3301 papers online from Oct. 1, 2022 to Nov. 30, 2022. 100 of them were selected to be highlighted. High-nickel ternary layered and LNMO spinel cathode materials are still under extensive investigations of the influences of doping and interface modifications on their electrochemical performances and surface and bulk evolution of structures under prolong cycling. For alloying mechanism anode materials, such as silicon-based composite materials, many researchers pay attention to material preparation and optimization of electrode structure to buffer volume changes, and emphasize the application of functional binders. Large efforts were devoted to design the three-dimensional structure electrode, interface modification, and inhomogeneity plating of traditional lithium metal anode and anode-free lithium metal battery. The researches of solid-state electrolytes are mainly focused on structure design and related performance in sulfide based-, oxide based-, polymer based-solid-state electrolytes and its composites, whereas liquid electrolytes and additives are improved by the optimal design of solvents and lithium salts for different battery systems and adding novel functional additives. For solid-state batteries, the studies are mainly focused on the improvement of ionic and electronic conductivity in cathodes. To suppress the "shuttle effect" and activate sulfur of Li-S battery, composite sulfur cathode with high ion/electron conductive matrix and functional binders are studied. There are a few papers for the characterization techniques are on lithium deposition and volume change of silicon-based anode materials, etc. Furthermore, several research works related to battery technology are done to understand the fabrication of electrode and the properties of slurry.

The Cl-based aluminum-ion battery is a promising energy storage technology. The aluminum-ion battery is expected to become the next-generation energy storage system because of its high energy density, low price, and high safety. In this study, a rapid rechargeable low-temperature conductive carbon electrode paste was introduced, which was initially used in the screen printing technology of perovskite solar cells, can achieve rapid charge and discharge at a current density of 1000 mA/g, and exhibits specific capacities of 75 mAh/g. Its charging rate can reach 12 C. The performance of the aluminum-ion battery assembled with low-temperature conductive carbon electrode slurry, natural graphite flake, and graphene as cathode materials was compared and analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and specific surface area analyses. It was found that the rapid charge-discharge was mainly due to its unique surface morphology and small specific surface area. The specific capacity of low-temperature conductive carbon electrode paste as a cathode material was also proved to be higher than that of other cathode materials by X-ray diffraction and other tests. This cathode material realized the aluminum-ion battery with high charge-discharge current density.

Silicon-carbon composite materials within various carbon structures (SPU and SPU#PANI) were created using liquid phase wrapping and low-temperature pyrolysis, with large-size silicon particles (200—800 nm) from photovoltaic cell production waste as raw materials and water-based polyurethane (PU) and polyaniline (PANI) as carbon sources. The effects of carbon content, microstructure, and elemental doping on the electrochemical characteristics of SPU and SPU#PANI as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries were investigated. A low content of carbon composite in the SPU results in a high initial discharge capacity of up to 2193.6 mAh/g but poor charge and discharge cycle stability. However, the conductivity of SPU#PANI was increased after a secondary carbon composited. Additionally, it obtains a high discharge capacity (1488.8 mAh/g) as a result of the influence of porous carbon microstructure. The SPU#PANI's specific capacity was still over 756.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles, indicating good rate performance. The findings showed that the carbon with porous structure composite on the surface of large-size silicon particles serves not only a buffer for the expansion of the silicon in the process of charge and discharge but also a channel for lithium-ion transmission, significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance and stability of the silicon-based anode. The low-temperature pyrolysis technique used to composite multistage carbon on large-scale silicon particles provides a key reference for the industrialization technology development of silicon-based anode for lithium-ion batteries.

One class of sodium-ion battery anode materials that has received a lot of attention is two-dimensional MXene materials with significant and controllable interlayer spacing. The titanium-based carbide, MXene, is chosen as the study's target material to investigate the mechanisms that control how well these materials store sodium. The first-principle calculation prediction and experimental verification method is used to investigate the effects of composition and structure regulation on sodium storage performance. While structural regulation entails creating a heterostructure of Ti₃C₂T _x MXene and transition metal chalcogenides, composition regulation entails functional group substitution and nitrogen replacement with carbon. According to findings, heterostructures and the functional group -O can increase the interlayer space and prevent the MXene from stacking its interlayers; N can be replaced to improve charge transfer, which helps to increase stability and conductivity and raise the material's specific capacity. Among them, the creation of heterostructures has the most notable improvement in terms of all-around performance. This study provides a theoretical framework for choosing anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, which are helpful in creating high-performance MXene-based sodium storage anode materials. Additionally, the analysis method suggested in this work can be expanded to the research on the structure and characteristics of electrode materials for metal-ion batteries.

In this study, mineral materials such as the attapulgite, the diatomite, and the expanded vermiculite were used as carriers to create mineral-based magnesium sulfate thermochemical adsorption materials using the equivalent-volume impregnation approach. The microstructures of mineral carriers and mineral-based magnesium sulfate composites were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and specific surface area and pore structure tests. The adsorption/desorption kinetic and thermal storage performance of mineral-based magnesium sulfate composites were evaluated using thermal weight loss, dynamic water vapor adsorption, and differential scanning calorimetry tests. It was discovered that the disc-shaped microstructure of the diatomite made possible the faster desorption/adsorption reaction rate and greater thermal storage capacity of the composites, and the heat of desorption reaction could reach 557.1 kJ/kg. Additionally, the ambient temperature of 25 ℃ and the relative humidity of 85% were the ideal adsorption reaction conditions for the mineral-based magnesium sulfate composites.

To compare the effects of aluminum and manganese elements on the cycle performance of high-nickel cathode materials and further determine the differences in cycling stability and degradation mechanisms of nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA), nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM), and nickel-cobalt-manganese-aluminum (NCMA), three common NCA, NCM, and NCMA high-nickel cathode materials with the same nickel content were chosen to study their similarities and differences of the cycle performance and the structural changes. The outcomes show that the three high-nickel cathode materials' cycle performance under room temperature is in the order of NCA>NCMA>NCM. Additionally, discovered by differential capacity (dQ/dV) curve and scanning electron microscopy, the degree of structural damages of the three materials at the same stage is in the order of NCM>NCMA>NCA, and the capacity decay of the battery during cycling is primarily caused the structural damages of the cathode materials. More study was performed on the cathode materials by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at various cycle stages. It was discovered that the impedance of the cathodes continued to increase during cycling, and the impedance increase was influenced by the modifications in the crystal and the secondary particle structures. The discrepancies in the cycle performance of the three high-nickel cathode materials would ultimately be caused because the cycle stability of the cells is directly tied to the structural stability of the cathode materials. Systematic comparison and analysis of the cycle performance of NCA, NCMA, and NCM are helpful to deepen the understanding of the composition-structure-performance relationship of high-nickel content cathode materials, and it is of great significance for improving their cycle stabilities.

The effect of skeleton morphology on the energy storage characteristics of inorganic composite phase change materials (CPCM) was studied. The quartet structure generation set was used to construct the porous media based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method. The CPCM phase transformation model with a randomly distributed porous medium was developed in line with this. On this basis, the influences of porosity (ε), solid growth core distribution probability (P_c), directional growth probability (P_d), and Rayleigh number (Ra) on CPCM energy storage characteristics were studied. The results show that the melting time of CPCM decreases as ε decreases. The total melting time of CPCM when ε is 0.70 was 23.63% less than that of 0.90. The increasing of the P_c and the decreasing of the P_d can improve the melting rate of CPCM under the same ε (0.90). The total melting time of CPCM decreases with the increase of Ra because the increase of Ra increases the intensity of natural convection. And the total melting time of CPCM when Ra is 18000 is 41.46% less than that of 1000. This study offers a theoretical foundation and a reference point for the energy storage properties of inorganic porous medium CPCM.

The issue that the quality and maximum heat storage capacity of the phase-change material (PCM) are diminished as a result of the fins taking up some of the volume of the phase-change energy storage device is one that must be addressed by optimizing the fin structure. To improve the heat storage capacity of the shell-and-tube phase-change energy storage tank, a new type of fin was developed according to the bifurcated shape based on the conventional longitudinal fin, and a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the PCM melting process with natural convection in the device was carried out. The effects of the heat transfer fluid's inlet temperature, flow rate, and fin count on the melting of PCM have been examined in detail. The findings demonstrate that, in comparison with the longitudinal fin of the same volume and number, the new bifurcated fin greatly speeds up the heat storage process in the shell-and-tube phase-change energy storage tank. The new bifurcated fins increased average heat storage rate by 142.1% and 31.4%, respectively, while reducing PCM melting time by 59.9% and 23.4%, respectively, compared to longitudinal fins and no fins. Increasing the number of fins can decrease PCM's melting time and increase average heat storage rate without changing the volume of fins. However, there is no further gain in heat storage performance when the number of fins is greater than 6. Shortening the PCM melting time and increasing the total and the average heat storage rates can be accomplished by raising the heat transfer fluid's inlet temperature and flow rate. The results can offer a specific reference value for the structural optimization of the shell-and-tube energy storage device and the effective exploitation of solar energy.

Given its issues with phase stratification and supercooling degree, mirabilite phase-change energy storage material, a type of inorganic hydrated salt with a high latent heat value and abundant source, has been restricted in its wide application in the field of energy storage. In this study, nitrogen-doped porous carbon is used as the carrier, and the mirabilite phase-change energy storage material is compounded with nitrogen-doped porous carbon to solve the problems in the practical application of mirabilite phase-change energy storage material. Through a hydrothermal reaction, nitrogen atoms were loaded on the polyurethane foam, and then the nitrogen-doped porous carbon sponge (NPCS-M) was obtained by high-temperature carbonization. The NPCS-M was used as the carrier of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O/Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O eutectic salt, and finally, the mirabilite-based composite phase-change material (NPCS-M) encapsulated by nitrogen-doped porous carbon sponge was prepared. The results showed that the nitrogen-doped porous carbon sponge was a honeycomb structure, with an N content of 4.3% and a specific surface area of 42.52 m²/g. The adsorption capacity of the material for the eutectic salt reached 120 times its weight. Simultaneously, the composite phase-change material's solid-liquid phase transformation properties after 1000, 3000, and 5000 cycles at 5—60 ℃ were studied. After 5000 cycles, the latent heat of the composite phase-change material was still above 130 J/g, and it can reduce the supercooling degree of eutectic salt after multiple cycles. The nitrogen-doped porous carbon sponge, a composite phase-change material, has a wide range of applications in the field of energy storage.

In recent years, sodium-ion batteries have been regarded as the best and most promising complement to lithium-ion batteries at present, as well as one of the most promising systems for their future development of large-scale electrochemical energy storage, owing to a number of advantages including abundant sodium raw material reserves, wide distribution, low price, green sustainability, safety and stability, high integration efficiency, excellent fast charging performance, and good low temperature performance. However, the factors that hinder the development of sodium ion batteries are the cathode material architecture is prone to phase change, the discharge specific capacity is not very high, and the cycle performance is not very good. At present, the research on cathode materials for sodium ion batteries has shown more diverse structural types, excellent structural stability, higher specific capacity, good charge/discharge cycling performance and other excellent electrochemical properties of transition metal oxide materials. In this paper, we summarize the progress of the research on the microstructure and macrostructure of sodium manganate cathode materials, focusing on the systematic and in-depth study of sodium manganate materials with different sodium contents by means of doping and coating at three different sites (sodium, manganese and oxygen sites), and the gain buff effects brought about by the doping of different elements, doping at different sites and different coating methods are demonstrated and discussed in detail. In the future development process, we should strengthen the further improvement of the micro and macro structure, expand the multi-element, multi-site doping types, doping ratios, matching types and coating material types, etc., improve the coating technology, and continuously strengthen the innovation and development of accessories such as sodium-ion battery electrolyte and anode materials.

With the proposal of a "carbon reduction" global goal, hydrogen is considered the ideal clean energy, but problems such as high production cost, storage, and transportation difficulties limit the large-scale energy application of hydrogen. Used as the carrier of hydrogen. green ammonia, with the meaning of zero carbon footprint, has attracted more and more attention. This study provides an overview of the potential energy applications for green ammonia, the development of green ammonia, and the application progress of ammonia fuel. Furthermore, this study introduces the source of green ammonia. The prospect and challenges of large-scale application of green ammonia are analyzed according to the production cost, technology maturity, and policy factors of green ammonia. Presently, ship transportation and power generation are essential target application fields of ammonia fuel. However, there are still some problems, including the safety of ammonia, mixed combustion theory, and combustion system transformation, among others. An ammonia fuel cell is an essential technology for the energy conversion of ammonia. The research progress of ammonia fuel cell is introduced in detail, including oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell. The comprehensive analysis shows that the global carbon reduction policy is essential for developing green ammonia at this stage. In the short term, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell would not be able to handle the large-scale application of ammonia fuel. Solid oxide fuel cell with high fuel flexibility is the most promising type of ammonia fuel cell.

Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate [KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O] has the advantages of high latent heat, low cost, safety, and nontoxicity. It is a medium-and low-temperature inorganic hydrated salt phase-change material with abundant sources. It can be widely used in valley electricity heat storage, building heating, product energy saving, solar thermal utilization, and battery thermal management. However, widespread issues with many hydrated salts, such as strong subcooling and limited thermal conductivity, severely hampered the effectiveness of heat storage and release. The phase-change temperature of KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O is a little high, and the preparation of it into eutectic or noneutectic composite PCM can lower the phase-change temperature, thereby increasing the application range. In this paper, the methods of decreasing supercooling, enhancing thermal conductivity, and compound temperature regulation are reviewed by combing through the contemporary literature on KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O PCM in recent years. The effects of nucleating agents, thermal conductivity enhancers, and temperature adjusting agents on the thermal characteristics of KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O are emphatically expounded, and the primary applied research of KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O and its composite PCMs are introduced. Finally, the future research directions of related work prospects, such as the investigation of new additives and their mechanism of action on substrates, the suppression of the loss of crystal water and the assurance of thermal reliability after a large number of melting-solidification cycles, and the further expansion of related application fields, can serve as a guide for promoting the advancements and practical applications of KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O PCM.

Tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the advantages of fast start-stop speed, good thermal cycle stability, high conversion efficiency, a wide range of fuel applicability, and no emissions pollution. Therefore, they are an ideal power generation device. In this review, a visual analysis of the relevant literature on tubular SOFCs published in the past 5 years was conducted. First, the research hotspots, significant points of technology development, and the main countries researching tubular SOFCs were analyzed. Then, we investigated and tracked cutting-edge research works in tubular SOFCs. The following areas were covered: cell structure, preparation methods, and critical materials. These variables significantly impact the efficiency, output performance, operational stability, and cost of tubular SOFCs. In the section on cell structure, the characteristics of different support structures are discussed, and then some new research results on improving and optimizing cell configuration are introduced. In the fabrication section, the applications of the phase-inversion method, freeze-casting method, and three-dimensional laser printing are introduced. Finally, in the section on key materials, the microstructure regulation and the development of new materials are introduced. In all, representative and innovative research works on tubular SOFCs are introduced in this study. Additionally, the advanced strategies and solutions to solving the problems of tubular SOFCs are explored. This review provides guidelines for the high-quality development and commercialization of tubular SOFC technology.

In this study, the research results in recent years of the Jahn-Teller effect suppression methods for manganese-based sodium-ion battery cathode materials at home and abroad were reviewed. Doping and coating are the main methods to suppress the Jahn-Teller effect in manganese-based electrode materials. This study first introduces the crystal structures and electrochemical properties of manganese base-transition metal oxides and Na₂MnPO₄F polyanionic compounds in sodium-ion battery cathode materials. Then, it focuses on two inhibition methods, doping and cladding, and their inhibition effects. Doping is, therefore, better than coating in suppressing the Jahn-Teller effect. The hot spots of doping research are mainly related to metal cation doping, nonmetal anion doping, oxygen vacancy generation, and coating, which can effectively isolate the electrode material from the electrolyte and suppress the Jahn-Teller effect to a certain extent. Finally, it is concluded that the most effective way to suppress the Jahn-Teller effect is to start from the material's structure by controlling the Mn—O bond length to ensure that the material structure is not distorted and the Mn³⁺ concentration is reduced accordingly. This study's systematic review of Jahn-Teller effect suppression methods is expected to provide a theoretical basis for future suggestions of novel Jahn-Teller effect suppression techniques.

The significant amount of thermal energy released by the battery cluster during operation can readily rise the temperature of the battery module, thereby affecting the system's efficiency and safety. Effective cooling methods are extremely important to maintain battery clusters' safe and efficient operation. Herein, computational fluid dynamics technology is used to numerically simulate the flow and heat transfer properties of cold air in a battery cluster under two air supply systems: cold air enters from above and cold air enters from below. Additionally, according to the simulation results of the cold air flow and temperature fields, the impact of various cold air supply techniques on the cooling effect of the battery cluster is compared and examined. The simulation results show that when the cold air enters from above, it flows downward and forward, and there is a cooling blind area below the cold air inlet, and the surface temperature of the battery module in this area is high. In this air supply system, full coverage of cold air is achieved at a distance of 2 m from the air inlet. As the cold air comes from below, it flows upward and forward, and there is a cooling blind area above the cold air inlet. As opposed to the air supply method where the cold air is introduced from above, the cooling blind area is reduced in this method. When the cold air arrives from below, the full coverage of cold air is achieved at a distance of 1.5 m from the air inlet, the coverage of cold air is increased, and the average temperature of the section is dropped. It is determined that when the cold air comes from below, the cooling effect of the battery cluster is improved.

In order to increase circulation efficiency and utilization rate of the compressed heat of the liquid air energy storage (B-LAES) system and make wise use of the cold energy of the liquid natural gas, this study suggests a LAES system that can achieve the combined cooling, heating, and power supply by coupling the liquid natural gas and the organic Rankine cycle system. The system is examined from the utilization rate of the compressed heat in the heat transfer oil, the circulation efficiency, the electricity recurrence conversion efficiency, and the exergy efficiency. Through the thoughtful and thorough use of compression heat in the heat transfer oil, the utilization rate of the compression heat is as high as 96.67%, which is almost 55% greater than that of the B-LAES system. Using the cold energy of liquid natural gas through coupling, the circulation efficiency of the system can reach 93.20%, which is roughly 16.9% greater than that of the B-LAES system. Using the organic Rankine cycle system, the electrical conversion efficiency of the system can reach 81.34%, which is almost 42.2% greater than that of the B-LAES system.

A unique heat accumulator structure was created using standard refractory MgO brick as a heat storage medium to increase the heat storage capacity of solid heat accumulators in real-world engineering applications. Using thermal analysis method of non-fixed physical characteristics, the heat storage capability and temperature dispersion of such a new kind of heat accumulator structure are examined. The findings show that the temperature distribution of the conventional heat storage body possesses a substantial gradient under the desired heat storage duration, demonstrating a planar reduction in the core of the heat storage body as the center, with the overall temperature differential of 227.0 K. The temperature distribution of the new heat storage body linearly decreases along the transverse axis, and the overall temperature differential value is 107.8 K, which is 119.2 K lower than that of the conventional heat storage body. The temperature deviation rate of the monitoring points is decreased by 5.7%. Under the goal heat storage time, the grid node temperature of conventional heat storage accounts for only 8.7% at the design heat storage temperature of 873 K. In contrast, the proportion in the high-temperature area rises to 70.1%, resulting in the unequal distribution of overall temperature. The grid node temperature of the additional heat storage accounts for 60.4% at the intended heat storage temperature of 873 K. Because no substantial high-temperature segment has been formed, the overall temperature distribution is better. The actual heat storage capacity of the novel heat storage structure reaches 96% of the theoretical heat storage capacity at the target heat storage temperature, which is 16% higher than that of the conventional heat storage system. At the same heat storage capacity, the volume of the new heat storage system is only 83% of the conventional heat storage system, which can effectively increase the heat storage capacity of the heat storage system, can lower the cost of heat storage accordingly, and is conducive to market promotion.

With increasing wind power, the frequency stability of power systems is getting increasingly serious. The impact of primary frequency control supported by flywheel energy storage is examined through Matlab/Simulink simulation under certain wind power penetration. First, the simplified linear frequency control is used to establish the primary frequency regulation control model of the flywheel energy storage auxiliary wind power, and the frequency characteristics of the flywheel energy storage participating in primary frequency regulation are analyzed in accordance with the transfer function. Then, the frequency characteristics of a regional power grid in the case of step and continuous disruptions of load power were examined. Comparatively, it was found that a certain proportion of flywheel energy storage systems could quickly react to the frequency deviation signal, and the maximum frequency and steady-state deviations of the system are reduced in the primary frequency modulation simulation process, which meets the performance index requirements of the power system and significantly enhances the frequency quality of wind power.

Energy storage is one of the critical supporting technologies to achieve the “dual carbon" goal. As a result of its ability to store and release energy and significantly increase energy utilization efficiency, phase-change energy storage is an essential tool for addressing the imbalance between energy supply and demand. As the demand for cold energy grows, phase-change cold storage technology is receiving a lot of attention from researchers. However, compared with the traditional phase-change thermal-storage technology, there are fewer review articles in this field. This study sorts out the basic working principle and characteristics of phase-change cold storage technology. It introduces different types and properties of phase-change materials applied to cold storage air conditioning systems and their advantages and disadvantages. The study also describes key technologies of phase-change cold storage, including critical technologies of physical property enhancement, heat transfer enhancement, and critical technologies of packaging and sizing. Furthermore, it analyzes different structures of cold storage devices (plate, sphere, spiral tube, shell, and tube) and applications in cold storage air conditioning technology. The applications of this technology in conventional cold storage air conditioning and cold chain transportation cold storage air conditioning systems are also summarized. Finally, this study summarizes and analyzes the current development status and prospects of cold storage technology. It highlights that the improvement of phase-change material performance, heat transfer enhancement of cold storage devices, improvement of COP, energy saving rate of an air conditioning system, and maintenance of long-term stable operation of the system are the focus of future research on cold storage air conditioning systems.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles and energy storage. Internal short circuits in a lithium-ion battery could result in thermal runaway of the battery, which could be dangerous. To identify the incidence of internal short circuits, this work suggests a lithium-ion battery internal short circuit detection technique based on long-term operation data. This method takes into account the voltage and temperature inconsistency, the self-discharge effect, and the abnormal temperature rise effect induced by internal short circuits. Features are collected, and a clustering method is used to precisely locate the battery with internal short circuit. Graded fault alarms are provided with the use of normalized indicators. The algorithm's effectiveness is evaluated using long-term operational data from a number of battery packs. The analytical findings demonstrate that the algorithm proposed in this study has a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate.

Addressing the inadequacies of the conventional model- and data-driven methods, an integrating strategy combining both methods, for accurate state estimation of lithium-ion batteries is proposed for estimating battery state-of-charge. After establishing the classical second-order battery model, a dual-Kalman filter, composed of an extended Kalman filter and an unscented Kalman filter, was used to estimate the status of the lithium battery system preliminarily. Then, the preliminary estimation results were input into the LSTM neural network to correct the errors and complete the data-driven part. Datasets from NASA PCoE were used to test the performance of the single-and dual-driven methods. Results show that the integrating method reduces the dependence of the estimation system on the data while improving the estimation accuracy and robustness because it combines the advantages of the model-and data-driven methods and makes up for their shortcomings. Satisfactory results were obtained.

The thermal runaway problem of lithium-ion batteries under external abuse has attracted widespread attention as it is currently the main energy battery of electric vehicles. Studying the thermal runaway characteristics of batteries under various abuse, especially under the combined action of multiple cases of abuse, can effectively improve the safety of battery use. In this study, the vehicle 50 Ah square power NCM lithium-ion battery monomer is taken as the research object, and the experiments of 1 C rate overcharge, 150 W local overheating, and battery thermal runaway under the combined action was performed by using high-power charge-discharge cycle instrument and electric heating device. The experimental results of the thermal runaway phenomenon, mass loss, temperature change, temperature rise rate change, temperature rise position, and voltage change under different working conditions were compared and analyzed. The results show that the battery's thermal runaway duration under the combined effect of overcharging and overheating is about 35% less than that of single abuse. The battery can release a large amount of heat by releasing gas and surface heat conduction. Under the combined action, the first heating part of the battery is the pole piece and the heating surface. When the contact heating is out of control due to the combined action of overcharge and overheating, the SOC of the battery reduces by roughly 35% in comparison to that of the overcharge. Under the combined action, the battery voltage will appear in the “continuous rise-sudden drop to zero” phenomenon. This study can provide a reference for the safety design of the NCM lithium-ion battery thermal management system.

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) technology holds promise for a civilization that wants to run solely on renewable sources. The Ca(OH)₂/CaO TCES system based on calcium looping has attracted a lot of attention due to its high energy storage density, prolonged energy storage period, and environmental friendliness. An experimental platform of direct and indirect mixed heating fixed-bed reactors was established in this study. A typical heat storage/release experiment under an air atmosphere was carried out in order to investigate the mixed heating reactor's heat storage characteristics and limiting constraints. In light of this, on this basis, a workable plan to enhance the cycling performance at the reactor scale was investigated. The experimental investigation of heat storage demonstrates that the combination of centripetal and layer-by-layer advancements can be achieved by using direct and indirect mixed heating, which accelerates the rate of energy storage response. The heat storage and release continuous trials show that the conversion rate of energy storage reaction drops by 5.6% after five cycles, and the maximum conversion rate of ten cycles decreases by 3.8% compared with five cycles. The reaction performance gradually declines with more cycles. TG and particle size test findings indicate that the CO₂ of air is the primary cause of the decline in cycling performance. The reaction performance recovery experiment in the energy storage stage demonstrates that raising the dehydration temperature can successfully restore the cycle performance, and the excess temperature provided at 650 ℃ can successfully lower the content of CaCO₃ in the reactant.

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium batteries plays a significant role in reducing battery risk and ensuring the safe operation of the system. To reduce the influence of battery capacity regeneration, and improve the accuracy and stability of RUL prediction, an integrated prediction model of variational modal decomposition and gate recurrent unit (GRU) network with particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. First, the capacity sequence of the lithium battery was decomposed into a series of stationary components using the variational modal decomposition algorithm. Then, the multiple GRU network was used to predict the capacity component on each sub-sequence. To deal with inconsistent prediction results, particle swarm optimization was used to optimize the parameters of the GRU model before model training. Finally, the predicted results of each sub-sequences were integrated as the final battery capacity estimation, followed by the prediction of RUL. The experimental results on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration dataset showed that the maximum mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error of the results were controlled within 0.88% and 0.0148, respectively, and the maximum error of RUL prediction was less than two charging cycles. It has high robustness and prediction accuracy.

CA-MA/EP-shaped phase-change material (PCM) was prepared by melt adsorption with expanded perlite (EP) as the carrier and CA-MA binary fatty acid as the phase-change core material. CA-MA/EP (mass ratio = 1∶1) coated with white latex was mixed into the gypsum matrix to prepare the phase-change energy storage board to alleviate the leakage of fatty acid during the solid-liquid phase-change process. The thermal conductivity, thermal physical properties, and specific heat capacity were tested. The exudation stability evaluation's finding supported the white latex coating's capacity to successfully reduce fatty acid exudation from EP, and the mass loss rate of the CA-MA/EP-shaped PCM was reduced from 8% to 4%, further strengthening EP's ability to shape fatty acid. In the meanwhile, the long-term energy storage stability and aesthetics of the phase-change energy storage board were improved. The phase-change temperature and latent heat of CA-MA/EP and phase-change energy storage board were 24.64 ℃ and 58.07 J/g, and 24.62 ℃ and 29.10 J/g, respectively. As the content of shaped PCM rose, the thermal conductivity steadily decreased. The energy plus software was used to simulate the indoor temperature fluctuation of the building based on the phase-change building envelope under the summer climate conditions of Xuzhou. It was confirmed that the phase-change energy storage board has the effect of heat insulation and temperature control.

The zero-sum pulse method was used to perform the accelerated cycle tests on the cylindrical 21700 battery with a nominal capacity of 4.8 Ah. The experimental batteries, composed of three positive and negative materials, were evaluated in an accelerated cycle for 7 days, with 10%SOC chosen as the best test interval. In comparison with the test findings of the reference battery, the cycle performance of the battery was investigated and evaluated by incorporating different characteristics. The assessment result was similar with the traditional cycle test when the capacity retention rate of the battery was compared before and after the accelerated cycle. The negative binary battery had the greatest discharge capacity retention rate of 99.75%, followed by the reference battery with 99.43%, while the positive binary battery had the lowest discharge capacity retention rate of 96.33%. Additionally, according to the examination of the DC internal resistance and polarization voltage growth rate of the battery during the accelerated cycle, the growth rate of the positive binary battery was significantly larger than that of the other two types of batteries. Further examination of the battery's instantaneous and relaxation impedance revealed that a considerable number of side reactions had happened on both the positive and negative electrodes, which was the main reason for the positive binary battery's poor cycle. The solid phase diffusion impedance increased due to the interface film's thickening and the growth of the deposits. Consequently, the relaxation impedance growth rate reached 40%. Through the EIS test and physical property analysis of the positive and negative electrodes of the battery after cycling, it was revealed that the diffusion impedance of the positive binary battery was noticeably higher, and the cracking degree of the secondary particles of the positive electrode was higher. This finding offers a basic explanation for the phenomenon whereby the positive electrode cracking side reaction causes the positive binary battery's solid diffusion impedance to increase quickly during accelerated cycling. The accelerated cycle test method is based on the real cycle operating parameters without adding extraneous variables like temperature and rate. Through comprehensive analysis of numerous test parameters, the objective of qualitatively evaluating the cycle performance of experimental batteries can be accomplished, which can not only considerably minimize the cycle test length but also offer reference data for the investigation of battery cycle failure.

The contradiction between people's demand for fast charging of new energy vehicles and the charging efficiency of existing pure electric vehicles will become more and more prominent. At the standard charging rate of a lithium-ion battery, lithium ions are embedded in the negative graphite electrode. When the charging rate is gradually increased, metal lithium will be deposited on the surface of graphite particles when it is too late to be embedded in the layered graphite structure, resulting in the phenomenon of "lithium plating." The battery capacity gradually decreases due to the lithium plating phenomena; in extreme circumstances, thermal runaway events can also occur. In the early development stage of lithium batteries, the detection of lithium precipitation was very challenging, and it was mainly based on morphology detection after dismantling the battery. This detection method causes irreversible damage to the battery cells, both in later research and practical applications. It is a very unfriendly way. Researchers have recently proposed many nondestructive (that is, nondismantling) detection methods for lithium precipitation. This study summarizes the nondestructive detection methods of lithium precipitation, which are divided into four categories: ①a detection method based on lithium-induced cell aging methods; ②a detection method based on lithium-induced impedance changes; ③a detection method based on lithium-induced electrochemical reactions; ④a detection method based on lithium-induced changes in physical and chemical properties of cells. We provide a systematic assessment of the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of existing nondestruction lithium detection methods and summarize and prospect the current nondestruction lithium detection methods to emphasize the technological status and present state of the art in this growing research field.

New rechargeable zinc-based energy storage technologies have the advantages of high safety, environmental friendliness, cheap cost, and ease of use; as a result, they are thought to be among the most promising next-generation energy storage technologies. However, it displays poor discharge capacity and power density at low temperatures or even malfunctions, significantly limiting applicability. Therefore, through the discussion of recent related research, this review contemplates on the strategies to improve the low-temperature performance of zinc-ion batteries from three perspectives: the design of electrode materials, the optimization of electrolytes, and the improvement of other components. The mechanisms of crystal engineering and component design in improving the ion conductivity of electrode materials at low temperatures are emphasized. Regarding the electrolyte optimization strategy, the mechanism of five approaches, including aqueous high concentration electrolyte, organic electrolyte, quasi-solid/solid electrolyte, electrolyte additive, and eutectic electrolyte, to lower the freezing point of the electrolyte and enhance the electrochemical performance of zinc ion battery at low temperature was examined. Additionally, the enhancement techniques of high hydrophilic binder and high conductivity diaphragm are briefly mentioned. The thorough research reveals that the creation of low-temperature zinc-ion batteries with a high-specific capacity, long-cycle stability, and high-rate capability is anticipated to be realized through the cooperative coupling of crystal engineering, quasi-solid/solid electrolyte, and electrolyte additives.

With the advancement of the optimization and adjustment of the energy structure during the "14th Five-Year Plan," the intrinsic frequency modulation inertia of the grid was reduced. Then large-scale energy storage system was introduced into the frequency regulation market. Its technological and financial viability attracted the attention of the industry. Based on the critical parameters in the assessment and compensation, a mathematical model of power compensation and capacity compensation for the AGC frequency modulation of the battery energy storage system was developed in order to determine which method can more accurately reflect the performance advantages of energy storage and the benefits that can reach the breakeven point. Then, the performance traits that affect the benefits under the two compensation models were established. Next, the ramp rate in the adjustment performance was selected as the bridge parameter, and a quantitative relationship between power and capacity compensation unit price and ramp rate was built. Finally, the unit price ratio of power and capacity compensation under the same income was proposed, comparing and obtaining the economic feasibility comparison results of the calculation models under the two compensation methods for the performance and benefit characterization of energy storage participating in AGC frequency regulation by comparing the compensation unit price, provide a reference for the investment decision of energy storage in the frequency regulation power market.

Multiple energy storage technology that optimizes the energy structure, promotes new energy development, and protects the ecological environment is the key to realizing new power systems utilizing new energy sources. This paper investigates the cost and economics of large-scale multiple electrochemical energy storage that meets the requirements of energy storage scale development. We first introduce the current application situation of domestic multi-electrochemical energy storage technology. To this end, we establish and measure the levelized cost of energy model for optimizing multi-electrochemical energy storage. We found that the power cost of electrochemical energy storage gradually decreases with increasing scale of the energy storage. In a comparison study, we then reveal that to improve the economics of electrochemical energy storage, we must reduce either the initial investment cost or the unit capacity cost of energy storage. Finally, we propose the economic development of future large-scale energy storage under China's national conditions.

Numerous businesses are investigating the industrial and commercial consumer side application of distributed new energy against the backdrop of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.” In this project, a smart microgrid with distributed new energies on the industrial and commercial user side has been built, which incorporates many components, including photovoltaics, vanadium energy storage systems, and industrial loads. The microgrid has been active for 5 years, and several microgrid operational modes have been confirmed, such as peak shaving, demand-side capacity management, demand response, etc. Under perfect circumstances, the yearly income of independent operation will generate ￥248810 (peak shaving), ￥264000 (demand-side capacity management), and ￥328800 (demand response), respectively. Also, a multimode coordinated operation technique has been investigated. Operational data figures show that the smart microgrid built using distributed new energy and energy storage systems achieved a 100% green energy supply on the industrial and commercial user side while being controlled by the primary control system, thereby achieving carbon neutrality targets. Additionally, the annual income of the microgrid can generate up to ￥522,886, which is significantly more than the income of conventional single operation modes. It contributes to the application and promotion of distributed new energy smart microgrids in several ways by serving as a demonstration.