Fig.1

Optimization strategies for silicon-based solid-state battery"

Fig.2

Schematic of (a) crystalline Si and (b) amorphous Si; (c) Expansion of different crystal facets of Si during alloying process[10]; (d) Schematic diagram of critical diameter of crystalline silicon[11]; (e) SEM image of critical diameter of amorphous silicon[12]; (f) Electrochemical sintering of Si particles"

Fig.3

(a) Irreversible volume expansion of Si; (b) Electronic conductivity, (c) impedance[19], and (d) ionic diffusion coefficientof Li x Si at different x values; (e) Potential curves of Si electrode with and without SE; Young's modulus change curves of Si thin film electrode[20]; (f) during lithiation (g) during delithiation at different x values[21]"

Fig.4

(a) electrolyte degradation; (b) The electrode-electrolyte interface gap"

Table 1

Performance statistics of silicon-based solid-state batteries employing different strategies"

Fig.5

(a) Schematic diagram; (b) Actual photograph of columnar thin film Si electrode[27]; (c) Schematic diagram; (d) Actual photograph of ant-nest μSi[39]; (e) Schematic diagram; (f) Actual photograph of closed-pore μSi[40]"

Fig.6

(a) Schematic of electrolyte and electrode particles with different particle sizes; (b) EDS-mapping of composite electrode with LPSCl electrolyte and electrode materials of varying particle sizes; (c) Effective ionic conductivity (below) and effective electronic conductivity (above) of composite materials with LPSCl electrolyte and electrode materials of different particle sizes; (d) Relationship between capacity and ratio of ionic to electronic conductivity; (e) Local current density simulation of composite electrodes with LPSCl of different particle sizes[43]"

Fig.7

(a) Schematic diagram of spring-loaded solid-state battery frame; (b) Internal pressure distribution within the battery; (c) Schematic diagram of fluid medium pressurized battery frame; (d) Internal pressure distribution within the battery; (e) Cycling capacity diagram of solid-state batteries under traditional pressurization (UPCH) and isostatic pressurization (IPCH)[30]; (f) Preparation schematic of elastic electrolyte; (g) Cycling curve of battery composed of elastic electrolyte and LPSCl electrolyte under no pressure conditions; (h) Pressure distribution and evolution within Si electrodes (Ⅰ) using LPSCl electrolyte and (Ⅱ) elastic electrolyte[31]"