Research progress on nitrile compounds in high potential electrolytes

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1123

Abstract

Abstract:

Increasing the working voltage is an effective strategy to enhance the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, issues such as electrolyte oxidation, transition metal ion dissolution, and structural degradation of cathode materials pose significant challenges, severely limiting their practical application. Consequently, the development of electrolytes with superior electrochemical stability has become a key research focus. Nitrile compounds, owing to their high dielectric constant and excellent oxidative stability, are regarded as ideal candidates for optimizing electrolytes in high-voltage systems. This review examines the functional mechanisms and performance characteristics of nitrile compounds as solvents and additives. To overcome the incompatibility of nitrile solvents with graphite and lithium metal, four optimization strategies are presented: high-concentration electrolytes, weakly solvated electrolytes, fluorinated nitrile electrolytes, and eutectic electrolytes. The review explores the practical applications and commercialization challenges associated with each strategy, emphasizing that additives currently represent the most effective approach. Furthermore, novel nitrile additives modified with chemical groups containing silicon, boron, or sulfur are introduced, and the mechanisms and potential applications of these functional groups are analyzed. Finally, the review summarizes the opportunities and challenges in the development and application of nitrile compounds. It anticipates that process optimization and the development of new additives will enable the synthesis of multifunctional nitrile compounds with low viscosity, high purity, and enhanced interface stability, and discusses their potential applications in high-voltage electrolytes, particularly for lithium cobalt oxide battery systems.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, electrolyte, nitrile compound, solid-electrolyte interphase film

CLC Number:

TM 911

Nan LI, Jing MA, Tingxiu HUANG, Yixing SHEN, Min SHEN, Yiyi JIANG, Tao HONG, Guoqiang MA, Zifeng MA. Research progress on nitrile compounds in high potential electrolytes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(3): 997-1009.

Figures/Tables 11

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电解液类型	电化学窗口	黏度	离子电导率	热稳定性	安全性	成本
高浓度电解液	宽	高	低	较好	高	高
弱溶剂化电解液	窄	低	高	差	差	低
含氟腈类电解液	较宽	低	高	一般	一般	高
共晶电解质	宽	高	低	好	好	低

电池体系	电解液（如无特殊说明均指质量比）	电压/V	容量保持率/%	参考文献
LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂/ silicon–graphite	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DEC(1∶1，体积比)，5% FEC，2% VC，1.0% TEOSCN	2.5~4.35	75.95(0.5C,364cycles,45 ℃)	[60]
Li/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂	1.15 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC∶DMC (1∶1∶1)， 2.0% OS3	1.0~2.5	80.00(1.0C, 150cycles, 25 ℃)	[61]
Li/LiCoO₂	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC∶DMC(1∶1∶1，体积比)，0.5% 4-TB	3.0~4.5	86.69(1.0C,100cycles, 25 ℃)	[54]
Li/LiCoO₂	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC∶DEC(1∶1∶1，体积比)，2.0%TCEB	2.75~4.5	78.20(1.0C,200cycles,25 ℃)	[64]
LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂/ graphite Li/LiMn₂O₄	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DMC∶EMC(1∶1∶1)，0.2% SDPN; 1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DMC∶EMC(1∶1∶1)，0.5% SDPN	3.0~4.6; 3.0~4.3	77.30(0.2C,100cycles, 25 ℃) 70.30(1.0C,200cycles, 55 ℃)	[69] [70]
Li/LiCoO₂ Li/graphite	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC(3∶7)，1.0% PSPN	3.0~4.4; 0.01~3.0	74.81(0.5C,200cycles, 25 ℃) 92.58(0.5C,200cycles, 25℃)	[71]
Li/LiCoO₂	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC(3∶7)，1.0%苯磺酰基乙腈(PSPAN)	3.0~4.4	91.84(1.0C, 100cycles, 25 ℃)	[72]
Li/LiCoO₂	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DEC∶EMC(3∶2∶5)，2.0% 4-苯甲腈三甲基硼酸酯(LBTB)	3.0~4.4	73.21(1.0C,300cycles, 25 ℃)	[73]
Li/LiFePO₄ Graphite/ LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DMC∶DEC(1∶1∶1，体积比)，1.0%CP; 1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶EMC(1∶2)，1.0% CP	2.5~4.0; 3.0~4.5	76.70(1.0C,200cycles,60 ℃); 81.50(1.0C, 50cycles, 25 ℃)	[50] [53]
LiCoO₂/graphite	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DEC∶EMC(1∶1∶1)，0.5%四氟对苯二腈(TFTPN)	3.0~4.4	91.00(0.5C,300cycles, 25 ℃)	[74]
LiCoO₂/graphite	1.0 mol/L LiPF₆-EC∶DEC∶EMC(1∶1∶1，体积比)，5.0% FEC，1.0% BFBN	3.0~4.55	80.00(0.5C,556cycles, 25 ℃; 148cycles, 45 ℃)	[48]

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