Table 1

Common surface spectroscopy characterization techniques and their characteristic parameters"

Fig. 1

Auger transition energy level diagram[10]"

Fig. 2

The absolute peak-strength ratio method is used for the quantitative analysis of tin (Sn0) in tin/tin oxide composites"

Fig. 3

Hard disk sample (a) Differential (dN(E)E/dE) Auger spectra recorded during sputtering; (b) Relative elemental concentration vs. sputtering depth by relative sensitivity factor method[14]"

Fig. 4

AES analysis of Li2MnO3 crystals after SO2 adsorption: (a) scanned SEM image of the surface of the Li2MnO3 crystal, the analysis area is indicated by a red plus sign; (b) the corresponding Auger spectra; (c) the peak energy of O in different cathode materials as a function of voltage, and the values obtained from the reference spectrum[25, 27]"

Fig. 5

SEM topography of graphite anode sheets, Auger spectra, and two-dimensional distribution of scanned Auger electrons for Li, C1 and C2[28]"

Fig. 6

Distribution map of C, O and Li on the surface of lithium metal sample, and the marked area in the SE image is the area irradiated by the electron beam for a long time[29]"

Fig. 7

Depth distribution of Auger electron spectra on the surface of graphite electrode under (a) initial state; and (b) post-cycling degradation conditions; (c) AES spectral mapping of ALD-coated LGPS surface after opXPS experiment[32, 34]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic diagram of the design of an in-situ open electrochemical cell; (b) In-situ AES spectra; (c) The peak energies of Mn, O, and C as a function of voltage and the values obtained from the reference spectrum[35-36]"

Fig. 9

(a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of cross-sectional in-situ thin film all-solid-state lithium battery by ion beam cutting technology; (b) SEM image (cross-section) of polished longitudinal sample: (b1) first charge and (b2) first discharge; Oblique (60°) SEM images and SAM superimpositions of Li KVV, Co LMM, and Pt MNN transitions, charging c) and discharging d), respectively; (c) Comparison of the Co and Li peak fits for the first discharge and the first discharge [refer to Figure (b)] for the three feature points: (c1) point 1, (c2) point 2, (c3) point 3. O/Co and O/Li ratios were quantified using absolute intensity (fitting reference Co, CoO, Co3O4 and Li2O standard spectra)[37]"