Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of pre-lithiation strategies for LIB"

Fig. 2

Mechanism diagram of SEI formation"

Fig. 3

(a) Schematic diagram of the chemical pre-lithiation process[23]; (b) Electrostatic potential diagram for ether-based solvents[24]; (c) Geometric configurations and LUMO and HOMO energy levels of different ether-based prelithiation reagents[24]; (d) Redox potential plots of three ethers containing Ph-based reagents[24]"

Fig. 4

(a) Pre-lithiation process of SiO-based anode using Li-FBp-MeTHF[34]; (b) Schematic diagram of chemical pre-lithiation and interfacial engineering of stabilised μSiO with Li3N and LiF interfacial layers[35]; (c) Process flow for the preparation of Li3Sb/LiF-SiO x[36]"

Fig. 5

(a) Pre-lithiation of silicon nanowires on stainless steel foil and internal electron and Li+ channels during pre-lithiation[38]; (b) Schematic diagram of the three-layer structural method for the preparation of the anode with active material/polymer/lithium[39]; (c) Schematic diagram of the metallurgical pre-alloying process[40]; (d) Schematic diagram of roll-to-roll pre-lithiation process[41]"

Fig. 6

(a) Schematic diagram of common methods for distributing SLMP directly on the surface of negative electrode[57]; (b) Schematic diagram of common methods for preparing uniformly distributed SLMP slurry[58]"

Fig. 7

(a) Pre-lithiation process by dropwise addition of SLMP to the anode surface and pressure treatment[44]; (b) Li x Si-Li2O core-shell nanoparticles[59]; (c) Li x Si-Li2O/Ti y O z core-shell nanoparticles[60]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic diagram of the one-pot metallurgical process; (b) Before exposure to air conditions; (c) After exposure to air conditions[61]"

Fig. 9

(a) Schematic diagram of an electrically short-circuited pre-lithiation scheme based with lithium metal foils[64]; (b) Schematic diagram of the vertical pre-doping approach[65]"

Fig. 10

(a) Schematic diagram of LFO as an anode and HC anode additive[71]; (b) Preparation process of Li6CoO4@Li5FeO4[72]"

Fig. 11

(a) Schematic of coating synthesis of LiFePO4 electrode coated by core-shell Li2S/KB/PVP[79]; (b) Schematic of Li3P@rGO pre-lithiated as an anode[80]; (c) Schematic of the fabrication process of M/Li2O nanocomposites[81]"

Fig. 12

(a) Schematic of the electrochemical behaviour of the (Li1+x Ni0.5Mn1.5O4+LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)||Si-C cell[82]; (b) Schematic of the preparation of the CS-LiCoO2[83]; (c) First cycle charge/discharge curves of pristine LiCoO2 and CS-LiCoO2[83]; (d) Cycling performance of the pristine LiCoO2||graphite/SiO and CS-LiCoO2||graphite/SiO full cells[83]; (e) Schematic diagram of the topological chemical reaction process[84]; (f) Cycling performance of LR-Ni65 alloy full cells[84]"

Table 1

Summary of the performance of anode pre-lithiation strategy applied to various battery systems"

Table 2

Summary of the performance of cathode pre-lithiation strategy applied to various battery systems"